... following a classical conditioning procedure where an electrical tail shock served as the unconditioned stimulus (US) and a tactile stimulus to the siphon as the conditioned stimulus (CS). Responses to the CS were tested before (pre-test), and 24 and 48 h after training. While Wake animals remained awake...

... . 10.1007/s00049-016-0215-z Bitterman , M. E. , Menzel , R. , Fietz , A. and Schäfer , S. ( 1983 ). Classical conditioning of proboscis extension in honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) . J. Comp. Psychol. 97 , 107 - 119 . 10.1037/0735-7036.97.2.107 Bos , N. , Roussel , E...

[email protected] ) Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests. 23 12 2020 2 3 2021 © 2021. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2021 Long-term memory Contextual memory Protein synthesis Invertebrate Classical conditioning...

... protocol, operant training of free-flying animals cannot be combined with invasive protocols for studying the neurobiological basis of visual learning. In view of this, different attempts have been made to develop new classical conditioning protocols for studying visual learning in harnessed honeybees...

... this. As a first step towards addressing this, we developed a classical conditioning paradigm for visual learning in harnessed wood ants that allows us to control precisely the learned visual cues. In this paradigm, ants are fixed and presented with a visual cue paired with an appetitive sugar reward. Using...

... to determine the color-vision capabilities of a rock-dwelling cichlid from Lake Malawi and suggest that cichlids possess a trichromatic visual system. Fish vision Color opponency Trichromacy Classical conditioning Animals vary greatly in color pattern, with coloration often playing...

... Classical conditioning Pesticides Xenobiotic Apis mellifera Bee health Honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) provide valuable pollination services to commercial crops ( Klatt et al., 2013 ; Klein et al., 2007 ) and make important contributions to human nutrition ( Chaplin-Kramer et al., 2014 ; Ellis...

... analysis, discussion of results and writing the manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. 20 5 2013 12 9 2013 © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Apis mellifera Classical conditioning Proboscis extension...

... classical conditioning decision-making insect memory olfaction Feeding, though necessary for obtaining energy and nutrients, often entails a risk of ingesting toxins. Learning to avoid certain foods is thus essential to reduce exposure to toxins; its importance is reflected in the diversity...

... two complementary paradigms for the classical conditioning of olfactory memories in restrained desert locusts ( Schistocerca gregaria ). These paradigms allow precise experimental control over the parameters influencing learning. The first paradigm is based on classical (Pavlovian) appetitive...

... Significant Difference (HSD) tests. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 1 9 2009 © 2009. 2009 honeybee discrimination learning classical conditioning memory thermoreception Despite their small brain size and limited number of neurons relative...

... classical conditioning goal tracking reef fish The intricate, 3-D world of coral reefs provides the backdrop for a large number of inhabitants that show high diversity in body shape and colour. Depending on their specific niche and life style, reef organisms have to classify other reef inhabitants...

...C. Niggebrügge; G. Leboulle; R. Menzel; B. Komischke; N. Hempel de Ibarra SUMMARY Colours are quickly learnt by free-moving bees in operant conditioning settings. In the present study, we report a method using the classical conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER) in restrained...

..., these results clearly establish the aversive nature of SER conditioning in honeybees. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 2 12 2008 2009 appetitive learning aversive learning classical conditioning avoidance olfaction honeybee Animals learn to associate...

... 2008 Nautilus cephalopod learning memory classical conditioning The chambered nautilus, Nautilus pompilius (Linnaeus 1758) is one of a handful of surviving species of externally shelled cephalopods that flourished between 450 and 150 million years ago( Dzik, 1981 ; Teichert, 1988...

.... Physiological data has revealed wavelength-tuned photoreceptors in reef fish, and this study provides behavioural evidence for their application in colour discrimination. Using classical conditioning,freshly caught damselfish were trained to discriminate coloured patterns for a food reward. Within 3–4 days...

...Bertram Gerber; Brian H. Smith ABSTRACT We use classical conditioning of the honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) proboscis extension reflex with a visual (A) and an olfactory (X) conditioned stimulus in a blocking paradigm. Typically, learning about one element (X) of a compound (AX) is decreased (blocked...