... during both the upstroke and downstroke when swimming in shallow water, contrary to previous kinematic studies, but head stabilization limits the detectability of the true stroke–acceleration pattern. Stroke acceleration patterns Charadriiformes Auk Underwater locomotion Diving When...

... differences in limb proportions are associated with differences in swing phase kinematics, we collected hindlimb kinematic data from three species of charadriiform birds differing widely in their hindlimb proportions: lapwings, oystercatchers and avocets. Using these three species, we tested for differences...