.... magister because changing the input resistance was insufficient to recreate the temperature effects in all experiments. Additional factors may include effects on synaptic properties, voltage-gated ionic currents, and other neurons that are part of the gastric mill central pattern generator. The detailed...

... was observed in unparasitized caterpillars given the same treatment. Our results suggest that the reduced feeding in parasitized caterpillars is not due to damage to the central pattern generator (CPG) for chewing, motor nerves or chewing muscles, but is more likely to be due to a suppression of chewing CPG...

...://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ Summary: Co-stimulating both copies of an identified modulatory projection neuron at the same combined firing rate used for single copy stimulation results in different microcircuit output. Central pattern generator Descending control Gastric mill rhythm...

...Stav Talal; Amir Ayali; Eran Gefen ABSTRACT Large insects actively ventilate their tracheal system even at rest, using abdominal pumping movements, which are controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG) in the thoracic ganglia. We studied the effects of respiratory gases on the ventilatory...

...Dahlia Kushinsky; Ekaterina O. Morozova; Eve Marder ABSTRACT The heart and pyloric rhythms of crustaceans have been studied separately and extensively over many years. Local and hormonal neuromodulation and sensory inputs into these central pattern generator circuits play a significant role...

... activity of the medicinal leech. The presence and characteristics of the stomatogastric nervous system, vital for feeding, are reported here for the first time. Feeding Serotonin Dopamine Central pattern generator Decision making Neuromodulation For many decades, the European medicinal...

... ventilation motor patterns that could explain the mechanistic basis of discontinuous gas exchange cycles in locusts. Tracheal system Insects Active ventilation Spiracles Electromyogram Central pattern generator Discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) has been the most studied gas exchange pattern...

... Facilitation Central pattern generator Neuromuscular junction Rhythmic behaviors are generated by the activity of multifunctional neural circuits (central pattern generators: CPGs). Higher order central nervous system inputs, sensory inputs and hormones alter the output of CPG circuits to enable...

... of the hindbrain vocal circuit accompany call pattern divergence during speciation in African clawed frogs. Central pattern generator Vocalization Communication Xenopus Evolution Motor The complex temporal dynamics of motor patterns arise from finely tuned circuits in the central nervous...

... between free and fictive locomotor dynamics revealed very similar swimming frequencies for similarly sized animals, including a comparable developmental decrease of the swimming frequency. Body morphology and the motor output rhythm of the spinal central pattern generator therefore develop concurrently...

...Géraldine von Uckermann; François M. Lambert; Denis Combes; Hans Straka; John Simmers ABSTRACT During swimming in the amphibian Xenopus laevis , efference copies of rhythmic locomotor commands produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG) can drive extraocular motor output appropriate...

... mill rhythms, but are overshadowed by substantial variability and occluded by sensory influences, which alter motor pattern structure. Central pattern generator Circadian Crustacean Motor pattern Neuromodulation Stomatogastric ganglion Neural networks that produce rhythmic motor...

... modulates cardiac activity, suggesting high isoform specificity of the pyrokinin receptor(s) in this tissue. Central pattern generator Neuromodulation Neuropeptide The central pattern generator (CPG)-effector systems of invertebrates have previously and continue to provide valuable...

... Ltd 2015 Summary: Crustaceans typically possess multiple pyrokinins; in the lobster, all isoforms tested similarly activated the gastric mill rhythm, suggesting that the pyrokinin receptor(s) in the stomatogastric nervous system is relatively promiscuous. Central pattern generator...

.... Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests. 19 8 2014 17 11 2014 © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2015 Central pattern generator Intersegmental coordination Locomotion Leg perturbation Phase oscillators Cockroaches...

... 7 2014 12 11 2014 © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Neuromodulation Central pattern generator cGMP signaling cAMP signaling l -arginine The free radical nitric oxide (NO) is now well known to function as a neuromodulator that affects neural...

.... Results from neurophysiological recordings indicate that there may be a central pattern generator (CPG) within the ventricular ganglia regulated by descending inhibition, and the addition of Scg-AST-6 dose-dependently modulates this ventricular ganglion CPG. This work provides a comprehensive picture...

... to generate crawling. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 8 12 2011 2 5 2012 © 2012. 2012 cAMP calcium-dependent potassium conductance central pattern generator Dopamine (DA) is known to play an impressive and universal role in the control of animal...

...-related information in a manner that strengthens the inherent rhythmic pattern and modulates local perturbations. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 13 2 2012 © 2012. 2012 central pattern generator frequency entrainment intersegmental coordination locomotion...

... the bars indicate the duration (relative to the greatest duration) of each burst. Scenario 1 suggests that the rhythmic swings, but not the flips/jumps, arise from a central pattern generator. The origins of the bursts of activity that bring about the flips/jumps would be unknown in this scenario...