... and the extinct pterodactyls. Given that powered flight represents a demanding aerobic activity, an efficient cardiovascular system is essential for the continuous delivery of oxygen to the pectoral muscles during flight. It is well known that the limiting step in the circulation is stroke volume (the volume...

... vertebrate lineages. The functioning of the cardiovascular system is usually described by means of the cardiac and vascular functions, the former related to the contractility of the heart and the latter related to the afterload imposed on the ventricle. The crossing of these functions is the so-called...

... effects on resistance to blood flow and may be an important component of the control mechanisms regulating blood distribution. 11 12 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2008 2008 actin artery cardiovascular system lobster microfilament myosin vascular resistance Homarus...

... systems appear and which types (intrinsic, neuronal and humoral) of control are involved during different stages of development. cardiovascular system adrenaline acetylcholine sympatho-vagal balance heart rate variability zebrafish Danio rerio © The Company of Biologists Limited 2006...

... an hour. e-mail: imcgaw@ccmail.nevada.edu 24 9 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 Cancer magister cardiovascular system crab digestion feed hypoxia physiology ventilation Episodes of hypoxia are common in the marine environment, especially...

...-mail: yasfuru@hiroshima-u.ac.jp ) 6 9 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 cardiovascular system peptide mollusc Aplysia The function of the circulatory system of animals is to exchange gases,transport nutrients and excrete wasted materials, to maintain...

... The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 2002 peptide artery smooth muscle cardiovascular system enterin mollusc Aplysia kurodai Physiological control of the cardiovascular system is associated with various animal behaviors. During several aspects of the behaviors, the neuronal regulation...

... 11 2001 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 2002 video image analysis digital motion analysis microcirculation cardiovascular system development endothelin nitric oxide Xenopus laevis endothelial cell. In all vertebrate embryos, blood circulation starts early...

...Thomas H. Dawson ABSTRACT Scaling laws governing the cardiovascular system of mammals are discussed in the present review in a manner emphasizing their experimental basis. Specific attention is given to the well-known experimental laws requiring the rate of oxygen consumption and the heart rate...

... in turtles is consistent with the general observation that ectotherms are more tolerant to hypoxia than are endotherms. Because anaesthesia reduces vagal tone on the cardiovascular system and impairs cardiovascular reflexes, the hypoxic response in the present experiments differs from that of conscious...

...@acs.ucalgary.ca . † Present address: Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston-North, New Zealand. 25 10 1996 © The Company of Biologists Limited 1997 artery cardiovascular system Crustacea lobster elastic modulus vascular resistance...

... to the hearts, and/or the extent to which the sinuses constitute a reserve of blood which can be mobilized in times of stress. 9 2 1984 © 1984 by Company of Biologists 1984 Octopus vulgaris cardiovascular system inulin space We installed stainless steel T-pieces into the aortas...