... - 949 . 10.1007/s004240050089 Amaral-Silva , L. D. and Santin , J. M. (2022). A brainstem preparation allowing simultaneous access to respiratory motor output and cellular properties of motoneurons in American bullfrogs . J. Exp. Biol. 225 , jeb244079 . 10.1242/jeb.244079...

... performed experiments to determine whether aspects of the respiratory control system of bullfrogs, Lithobates catesbeianus , are maintained or suppressed following minimal use of air breathing in overwintering environments. Based on the necessity for control of lung ventilation in early spring, we...

...Olivier Belzile; Roumiana Gulemetova; Richard Kinkead SUMMARY To better understand serotonergic modulation of air breathing during bullfrog development, we measured changes in fictive lung ventilation frequency associated with focal stimulation of the rostral region of the medullary Raphé neurons...

...A. M. Petersen; T. T. Gleeson SUMMARY We characterized carbohydrate metabolism following activity in the American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana , and compared whole body metabolic profiles between two seasons. Forty-eight adult male Rana catesbeiana were chronically cannulated and injected with[U- 14...

...Rachel E. Winmill; Anna K. Chen; Michael S. Hedrick SUMMARY The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cellular hypoxia, and the contribution of anaerobic metabolism, on respiratory activity in bullfrogs at different stages of development. Respiratory-related neural activity was recorded...

...Matthew J. Mason; Peter M. Narins SUMMARY Laser vibrometry was used to measure the vibration velocity at different points on the ossicular apparatus of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana in response to free-field sound. The ascending process of the extrastapes,neglected in most accounts of frog middle...

... of the bullfrog at low frequencies. The operculum is portrayed as semitransparent to reveal the flange of the pars interna underneath. In this example, when the pars media is pushed down, which happens when the tympanic membrane is inflected, the footplate is moved out of the oval window. As a result...

... and gill ventilation in tadpoles, however, appear to be dependent upon conventional Cl - -mediated synaptic inhibition. Thus, there may be a developmental change in the fundamental process driving lung ventilation in amphibians. We hypothesize that maturation of the bullfrog respiratory CPG reflects...

...Susan E. Peters; Dwane A. Aulner ABSTRACT In many species of frog, the forelimb muscles important in amplexus are known to be much larger in males than in females. We studied this dimorphism in three forelimb muscles in the bullfrog [abductor indicus longus (AIL), flexor carpi radialis (FCR...

...John M. Olson; Richard L. Marsh ABSTRACT We measured the electromyographic (EMG) activity of seven hindlimb muscles during jumping in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana . The semimembranosus, gracilis major, gluteus magnus, adductor magnus, cruralis and plantaris longus were consistently active...

...Priscila L. Rocha; Luiz G. S. Branco ABSTRACT We assessed seasonal variations in the effects of temperature on hypoxia-induced alterations in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana by measuring the heart rate, arterial blood pressure, breathing frequency, metabolic rate, blood gas levels, acid–base status...

...L. W. Kline; M. L. Zhang; P. K. T. Pang ABSTRACT Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK), acetylcholine (ACh) and ceruletide have been shown to produce contraction in bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) gallbladder strips. Agents capable of relaxing the bullfrog gallbladder are less numerous. Calcitonin gene...

... in unanesthetized larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) at developmental stages TK V–VII, IX–XI and XVII–XIX. The inspiration of hypoxic or hyperoxic water caused significant increases in gill ventilation within 7 s, while hyperoxic water had the opposite effect. Introduction of NaCN into the inspired water stream...

...Xi Xi Jia; Warren W. Burggren ABSTRACT The time course of reflex changes in gill ventilation variables caused by a step-wise change in of inspired water and by the introduction of NaCN into inspired water was measured in two populations of unanesthetized larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) – one...

..., contributes to the control of breathing pattern. This study tested the hypothesis that the NI plays a critical role in breathing pattern formation in the bullfrog. More specifically, we postulated that this nucleus was the site responsible for clustering breaths into distinct episodes of breathing...

...Warren Burggren; Anganile Mwalukoma ABSTRACT Larval and adult bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana (Shaw), were exposed to 28 days of normoxia ( 150 mmHg), hypoxia ( 70–80 mmHg) or hyperoxia ( > 275 mmHg) at 20–23 °C, after which the following mor phological measurements were made: (1) mass, thickness...