... of the anterior retractor muscle during development, as measured by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans of buccal masses. Consequently, larger A. californica did not need to activate their muscles as fully to produce equivalent forces. These results indicate that muscle activation may be an important...

... the buccal mass during the feeding cycle in vivo . Both models produce a continuous range of three-dimensional shape changes in the radula/odontophore, but they are fundamentally different in construction. The radulacentric model treats the radular halves as rigid bodies that can pitch, yaw and roll relative...

...Richard F. Drushel; David M. Neustadter; Lori Lyn Shallenberger; Patrick E. Crago; Hillel J. Chiel ABSTRACT Changes in the positions, shapes and movements of the feeding apparatus (buccal mass) of the marine mollusc Aplysia californica were studied in intact, transilluminated juveniles. The buccal...