... that would suggest similar energetic costs, the humerus had lower bone stresses, higher mechanical hardness and larger SFs. SFs were greatest in the anatomical regions where yield stresses were highest in the humerus and lowest in the femur. Such intraspecific variation between and within bones may relate...

... of these factors. To evaluate the mechanism underlying the loading regime of opossum femora, we filmed D. virginiana running over a force platform, allowing us to measure the magnitude of the GRF and its three-dimensional orientation relative to the limb, facilitating estimates of limb bone stresses. This three...

... biomechanics evolution bone strain bone stress safety factor Recent studies of limb bone loading during the terrestrial locomotion of reptilian and amphibian taxa ( Blob and Biewener, 1999 ; Blob and Biewener, 2001 ; Butcher and Blob, 2008a ; Butcher et al., 2008 ; Sheffield and Blob, 2011...

.... Turtles are an interesting lineage in this context. Although their slow walking speeds and robust limb bones might lead to low locomotor forces and limb bone stresses similar to other non-avian reptiles, their highly sprawled posture could produce high bending loads,leading to high limb bone stresses...

... 2003 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2003 2003 locomotion biomechanics kinematics EMG muscle electromyography modulation neural control bone stress posture evolution vertebrate alligator Sauria Crocodylia Quadrupedal tetrapod species use a diverse variety of limb...

... in the femur of I. iguana confirm patterns observed during direct bone strain recordings from A. mississippiensis : in more upright steps, tensile stresses on the anterior cortex decrease, but peak compressive stresses on the dorsal cortex increase. Equilibrium analyses indicate that bone stress increases...

... Biewener , A. A. ( 1982 ). Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds: do safety factors change with body size? J. exp. Biol . 98 , 289 – 301 . 10.1242/jeb.98.1.289 Biewener , A. A. , Thomason , J. , Goodship , A. E. & Lanyon , L. E. ( 1983 ). Bone stress...