...Susan E. Lad; Hannah Kowalkowski; Daniel F. Liggio; Hui Ding; Matthew J. Ravosa ABSTRACT Bone adaptation to mechanical loading happens predominantly via modeling and remodeling, but the latter is poorly understood. Haversian remodeling (cortical bone replacement resulting in secondary osteons...

... for the study of tetrapod locomotor biomechanics have matured in recent decades. Here, we summarise their progress, relevance and potential. Animation Bone Dynamics Gait Muscle Optimization Horizon 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661 695517 The Royal Veterinary College...

... of biomechanical properties of temporal osteoderms in 11 lizard species reveals significant differences in stiffness between taxa, reflecting differences in microstructure and macrostructure and, likely, in function. Bone Functional morphology Squamata Osteoderms Stiffness Strain gauges Human...

... forelimb stride length in high-walking alligators. Crocodilians Joint Bone Kinematics Locomotion Forelimb Extant crocodilians have been central to interpreting locomotor evolution of Archosauria ( Gatesy, 1991 ; Hutchinson, 2006 ; Reilly and Elias, 1998 ), because of their unique...

..., to the shell and skeleton simultaneously releasing calcium and magnesium carbonates, and sequestering lactate and H + to prevent lethal decreases in body fluid pH. We evaluated the effects of anoxic submergence at 3°C on various material properties of painted turtle bone after 60, 130 and 167–170 days...

...Russell P. Main; Maureen E. Lynch; Marjolein C. H. van der Meulen The vertebrate skeleton is an adaptive structure that responds to mechanical stimuli by increasing bone mass under increased mechanical loads. Although experimental animal models have shown the anabolic cortical bone response...

... deposition in broilers (ED18) preceded by increased hindlimb PPARγ mRNA (ED7–10). The treatment increased tibia/tarsus bone length as well as femur cross-sectional area in both breeds, but femur length and bone to cartilage ratio in the femur and tibia/tarsus were only increased in treated layers (ED18). We...

...K. Megan Sheffield; Richard W. Blob SUMMARY Salamanders are often used as representatives of the basal tetrapod body plan in functional studies, but little is known about the loads experienced by their limb bones during locomotion. Although salamanders' slow walking speeds might lead to low...

...Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence; Danielle M. Stoll; Emily R. Mantila; Bryna K. Fahrner; Hannah V. Carey; Seth W. Donahue SUMMARY Lack of activity causes bone loss In most animals. Hibernating bears have physiological processes to prevent cortical and trabecular bone loss associated with reduced physical...

...A. Wargelius; P. G. Fjelldal; U. Nordgarden; A. Grini; C. Krossøy; S. Grotmol; G. K. Totland; T. Hansen SUMMARY Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) vertebral bone displays plasticity in structure, osteoid secretion and mineralization in response to photoperiod. Other properties of the vertebral bone...

... deer femora, were tested mechanically. Compared with wet bone, wet antler had a much lower modulus of elasticity and bending strength, but a higher work to fracture. Compared with wet bone, dry antler showed a somewhat lower Young's modulus, but a considerably higher bending strength and a much higher...

... for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 25 9 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 eusocial vertebrae bone social status puberty reproduction Morphological differences between castes of animals are seen in highly cooperative communal groups...

... in size and mass during ontogeny. The goal of this study was to examine how growth and development in the emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ) hindlimb skeleton reflects the demands placed upon it by ontogenetic changes in locomotor mechanics and body mass. Bone strain patterns in the femur and tibiotarsus...

... temperature. Concomitant with this increase in embryonic activity, the embryos raised at higher temperature grow to significantly heavier weights and exhibit significantly longer leg bones (tibia and tarsus)than the controls from ED12 onwards, although mineralization occurs normally. Additionally, the number...

...Maureen J. Devlin; Daniel E. Lieberman SUMMARY Although mechanical loading can stimulate cortical bone growth, little is known about how individual physiology affects this response. This study demonstrates that in vivo variation in estradiol (E 2 )level alters osteoblast sensitivity to exercise...

... of pregnancies experienced and suggest that hormones related to pregnancy may play the critical role in bone growth associated with caste transformation. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 7 11 2006 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 eusocial...

..., A. A. ( 1989 ). Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics. Science 245 , 45 -48. Biewener, A. A. ( 1993 ). Safety factors in bone strength. Calcif. Tiss. Int. 53 , S68 -S74. Biewener, A. A., Farley, C. T., Roberts, T. J. and Temaner,M. ( 2004 ). Muscle mechanical...

...-skeletal systems. Although numerous experimental studies have investigated the effects of size on the movements of skeletal elements during locomotion and feeding in vertebrates, relatively little is known about the scaling of the muscles and bones responsible for the actual movements. Here, we examine...

... and birds show that skeletal allometry is modest, with most groups scaling( l ∝ d 0.89 ) closer to geometric similarity(isometry: l ∝ d 1.0 ) than to elastic similarity ( l ∝ d 0.67 ) or stress similarity( l ∝ d 0.5 ). To maintain similar peak bone and muscle stresses, terrestrial mammals change posture...

... + ] and [K + ] were also measured. Femur Ca 2+ , P i and CO 3 2- compositions were similar to bone in other vertebrates. Auditory capsule had significantly more CaCO 3 than femur. Lactate was significantly elevated in all tissues after anoxia and exercise, including femur and auditory capsule. Anoxia...