... that hagfish slime glands have high concentrations of methylamines including trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO), trimethylglycine (betaine) and dimethylglycine (DMG); however, the function of these compounds in the slime glands is unknown. We hypothesized that methylamines have stabilizing effects on the skeins...

... to keep the vesicles in a condensed state. We found K + concentrations that were elevated relative to plasma, and Na + , Cl − and Ca 2+ concentrations that were considerably lower. Our analysis also revealed high levels of methylamines such as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), betaine and dimethylglycine...

... revealed the presence of sorbitol, glucose, betaine,alanine and mannitol in dehydrated embryos. The superior drought survival of gradually desiccated embryos could partly be attributed to a higher accumulation of osmolytes (especially sorbitol). Thus, gradually and acutely desiccated embryos accumulated ∼2...

...Jason R. Treberg; Ben Speers-Roesch; Peter M. Piermarini; Yuen K. Ip; James S. Ballantyne; William R. Driedzic SUMMARY We compared levels of the major organic osmolytes in the muscle of elasmobranchs, including the methylamines trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), betaine and sarcosine as well as the β...

... expected a priori that aestivating frogs probably would not need to accumulate balancing osmolytes but would accumulate trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) or betaine as counteracting solutes to urea. These aestivating frogs did not co-accumulate a substantial quantity of any particular balancing osmolyte...

... gills were returned to 100 % ASW. Consistent with the overall lack of an RVD, there was only a small decrease (approximately 5 %) in cumulative osmolyte content (primarily taurine, betaine and K + ) after 4 h in 60 % ASW. Decreases in both cell water space and osmolyte content after 3 weeks...

... % ASW and returned to 2.06 ml g −1 dry mass upon re-exposure to 100 % ASW. Consistent with these observations, the gill contents of the principal cytoplasmic osmolytes (taurine, betaine and K + ) were unchanged (approximately 450, 250 and 230 μ mol g −1 dry mass, respectively) following exposure...

...Arnold L. Silva; Stephen H. Wright ABSTRACT Long-term acclimation of Mytilus californianus to 60% artificial sea water (585 mosmol l −1 ; ASW) led to a 30–40% decrease in the taurine (53.5–36.9 μ mol g −1 wet mass) and betaine (44.8–26.2 μ mol g −1 wet mass) content of gill tissue, compared...

... (Ca2+, Mg2+) contribute minimal negative buoyancy (about −0.1 g l −1 each) despite their rather negative partial molal volumes, because of their low concentrations. Muscle fluids contain about 40 mmol l −1 Cl − , 365 mmol l −1 urea, 160 mmol l −1 trimethylamine oxide, 16 mmol l −1 betaine and 69 mmol l...