..., suggesting linkage between roosting ecology and landing mechanics in bats. Biomechanics Bat flight Roosting ecology Landing maneuvers Adhesion Ecology provides the environmental context for evolution: shifts in ecological factors impose selective pressures on the functional systems...

...Anders Hedenström; L. Christoffer Johansson ABSTRACT Bats evolved the ability of powered flight more than 50 million years ago. The modern bat is an efficient flyer and recent research on bat flight has revealed many intriguing facts. By using particle image velocimetry to visualize wake vortices...

... for correspondence ( thubel@rvc.ac.uk ) 21 7 2010 © 2010. 2010 bat flight kinematics wake structure Considerable effort has been expended to gain understanding of force generation by flapping wings. Although investigations of manufactured wings and mechanical models inspired by insects...

...). The highest three of these masses incorporated artificial loads. Stroboscopic stereophotogrammetry was used to make three-dimensional reconstructions ( n =124) of the bats' flight paths. Over the entire range of experiments, wing loading was increased by 44% for the female and 46% for the male bat. Effects...

... at an airspeed was proportional to the relative power input (P i /P i,min ) raised to the power of −7.45; flying at a speed that raised P i /P i,min by 10% reduced endurance by half. 15 7 1985 © 1986 by Company of Biologists 1986 bat flight metabolism temperature regulation evaporative water...

... include the first measurements of respiratory water loss, heart rates, and body Key words: Bat flight, metabolism, heart rate, temperature regulation, evaporative water loss, endurance. 620 R. E. C A R P E N T E R temperatures of bats in sustained flight. The effect of velocity on the endurance...