.... Apis mellifera Mushroom bodies Aversive learning National Institute for General Medical Sciences R25GM061151-11 National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001 Program 15-501 1545803 Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust http...

... to high-value rewards, but showed aversive learning in response to low-value rewards. The memory span of uninfected wasps after conditioning by low-value rewards was significantly shorter than that for high-value rewards. As our results revealed, responses to high-quality hosts will bring more benefits...

... be both rewarding and punishing, suggesting that oppositely valenced parallel memories for it could be established in maggots. Reinforcement Fruit fly Appetitive learning Aversive learning Associative conditioning Valence All organisms depend on the uptake of appropriate nutrients...

...., Gerber, B., Hendel, T., Nagel, G., Buchner, E. et al. ( 2006 ). Light-induced activation of distinct modulatory neurons triggers appetitive or aversive learning in Drosophila larvae. Curr. Biol. 16 , 1471 -1747. Schwärzel, M., Monastirioti, M., Scholz, H., Friggi-Grelin,F., Birman, S...