... sought to determine which aspects of jumping performance and muscular morphology, if any, are altered within a population following selection for hindlimb elongation. The Longshanks artificial selection experiment was established to study the mechanistic basis of microevolutionary change in hindlimb...

... is due to an age-related decrease in the capacity to dissipate heat. Artificial selection Aging Bank voles Heat dissipation limit theory Metabolic rate Reproductive performance Narodowe Centrum Nauki http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004281 2016/22/E/NZ8/00416 2016/23/B/NZ8/00888...

.... Summary: There is a muscle-level trade-off between speed and endurance across replicated lines of mice experimentally selected for high levels of voluntary wheel running. However, this trade-off does not appear to underpin a previously reported organismal-level trade-off. Artificial selection...

.... , Sadowska , E. T. and Koteja , P. ( 2015 ). Initial molecular-level response to artificial selection for increased aerobic metabolism occurs primarily through changes in gene expression . Mol. Biol. Evol.   32 , 1461 - 1473 . 10.1093/molbev/msv038 Konczal , M. , Koteja , P...

... of Biologists Ltd 2019 http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ Summary: The aerobic exercise performance of bank voles during a swimming trial is suppressed by the glucocorticoid stress response, but artificial selection for high performance does not modify the blood corticosterone level...

...-1-1/ Summary: Fifteen generations of artificial selection for long limb bones in mice substantially increased bone stiffness and brittleness, suggesting bone growth rates can significantly impact bone material properties. Artificial selection Bone cross-sectional geometry Bone...

.... , Schutz , H. , Dlugosz , E. M. , Acosta , W. , Chappell , M. A. and Garland , T. Jr . ( 2015 ). Effects of voluntary exercise on spontaneous physical activity and food consumption in mice: results from an artificial selection experiment . Physiol. Behav.   149 , 86 - 94 . 10.1016...

... phenotypic plasticity. Adaptive plasticity Artificial selection Exercise Muscle metabolic capacities Phenotypic plasticity Organ masses A multitude of studies have documented ‘training responses’ (phenotypic plasticity) resulting from chronic wheel access or forced treadmill exercise...

... with compulsory heat generation (e.g. lactation), but is unlikely to constrain immune responses in mice. BMR Blood parameters Artificial selection Humoral response Immunosuppression Trade-offs Studies on energy balance are based on the assumption that the available resources, most notably...

... Summary: Fur removal increases both energy budget and reproductive output at peak lactation in a non-laboratory rodent, the bank vole, supporting the heat dissipation limit theory. Artificial selection Doubly labelled water Food consumption Maternal investment Milk energy output Thermal...

... characteristics remain unaffected. Myodes glareolus Aerobic capacity Artificial selection Fibre types Gastrocnemius Locomotor performance The maximum rate of aerobic exercise metabolism is a trait of special interest from both medical and evolutionary–comparative perspectives, because...

...., and commented on and approved by the other authors. Competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. 6 2 2014 14 8 2014 © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Artificial selection Cross-fostering Daily energy expenditure Heat...

.... , Książek   A. , Łapo   I. B. ( 2005 ). Artificial selection on metabolic rates and related traits in rodents . Integr. Comp. Biol.   45 , 416 - 425 . Koteja   P. ( 2000 ). Energy assimilation, parental care and the evolution of endothermy . Proc. Biol. Sci.   267 , 479 - 484...

.... A more complete picture of both innate and adaptive immunity would be useful in determining the specific mechanisms by which artificial selection for high levels of voluntary exercise has affected immune function HR and C mice. Nevertheless, the results of this study and others ( Malisch et al., 2009a...

... candidate gene networks in wild-type ovaries of different sizes. We found differential expression in 2151 ovarian transcripts in these artificially selected honey bee strains, corresponding to approximately 20.3% of the predicted gene set of honey bees. Differences in gene expression overlapped...

...Ivan Hiltpold; Mariane Baroni; Stefan Toepfer; Ulrich Kuhlmann; Ted C. J. Turlings SUMMARY The efficacy of natural enemies as biological control agents against insect pests can theoretically be enhanced by artificial selection for high responsiveness to foraging cues. The recent discovery...

... running . J. Exp. Biol. 212 , 238 - 248 . Gonzalez N. C. , Kirkton S. D. , Howlett R. A. , Britton S. L. , Koch L. G. , Wagner H. E. , Wagner P. D. ( 2006 ). Continued divergence in of rats artificially selected for running endurance is mediated by greater...

... on muscle metabolic capacities in house mice Mus domesticus. J. Appl. Physiol. 89 , 1608 -1616. Houle-Leroy, P., Garland, T., Jr, Swallow, J. G. and Guderley,H. P. ( 2003 ). Artificial selection for high activity favors mighty mini-muscles in house mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp...

... model for the evolution of endothermy. Here we used artificial selection to create replicated lines of laboratory mice selected for high levels of aerobic capacity elicited by 5 min swimming in 25°C water. Ten generations of selective breeding resulted in V̇ O 2 max averaging 12% higher in selected...

... for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 28 5 2009 2009 artificial selection exercise experimental evolution maximum metabolic rate oxygen consumption sprint speed trade-off For most animals, the ability to move through the environment is fundamental to many fitness-critical...