... is able to contact the 2.9 mm diameter tube with the arolium and two euplantulae ( Fig. 4 C). On curved substrates, the increasing attachment performance can be caused by generation of active adduction forces. When climbing on thin rods, compared with their own body size, animals can utilize clamping...

... attachment devices obtained from whole-animal experiments indicate complementary functionality of different tarsal and pretarsal structures in stick insects. Adhesion Friction Surface roughness Biomechanics Euplantula Arolium Stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) are distributed worldwide...

... is illustrated to measure the Young's modulus of the outermost layer of the arolium, i.e. of the epicuticle, of the stick insect Carausius morosus . As a result of the epicuticle being supported by upright fibres, tensile tests allow the determination of the Young's modulus of the epicuticle with hardly...

... ( m.j.anyon@2005.hull.ac.uk ) † These authors contributed equally to this work ‡ Present address: Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Canberra, Australia 1 11 2011 © 2012. 2012 arolium contamination Hymenoptera particles powder barrier...

...-wuerzburg.de ) 23 9 2003 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 friction adhesion attachment tarsus arolium rubber friction Asian Weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina Many arthropods and vertebrates possess legs with adhesive pads (for a review, see Scherge and Gorb,2001...

.... In accordance with this, some ground-living ponerine and leptanilline ant species lack an adhesive arolium ( Freeland et al., 1982 ). Our results show that attachment capacity differs considerably among ant species. Table 1 compares our results with other known records of insect attachment to smooth...