... in scientific research. We believe that incorporation of new biomedical technology and new animal welfare policies will guide future research directions in this field. The exact function of longer cardiac pauses, which are distinct from the short-term (<5 s) startle response ( McMahon and Wilkens, 1972...

.... Danio rerio Animal welfare Stress Nociception Endogenous analgesia Pain SIA is typically explored through the administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone. In mammals, acute stress is known to activate neurochemical pathways that involve the binding of endogenous opioids to opioid...

... in vitro are inhibited at temperatures above those during hypothermia induction, blocking transmission of painful stimuli. Reptiles AVMA guidelines Reflex pathways MS222 Anesthesia Animal welfare In 2013, new guidelines for the euthanasia of animals by the American Veterinary Medical...

... conditions, i.e. in cages or open aviaries. Erythrocytes Epigenetics Chicken Stress Animal welfare Production animals Stress in production animals generated by unsustainable production methods is a frequent issue of concern. Besides the ethical issue of inducing unnecessary stress...

... governing ethical rigour of animal use in experiments; we consider the advantages of adopting key aspects of the 3Rs into experimental biology. Animal welfare Environmental enrichment Replacement Reduction Refinement Toxicology Animal research is essential for the advancement of new...

... staff replaced food and water daily. After the final samples were collected, birds were released to their site of capture. All procedures were approved by the USF-IACUC (W3202) prior to the studies, and all procedures are in compliance with US animal welfare regulations. Our goal...