.... Danio rerio Animal welfare Stress Nociception Endogenous analgesia Pain SIA is typically explored through the administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone. In mammals, acute stress is known to activate neurochemical pathways that involve the binding of endogenous opioids to opioid...

..., reflexes to noxious stimuli recorded in vitro are inhibited at temperatures above those during hypothermia induction, blocking transmission of painful stimuli. Reptiles AVMA guidelines Reflex pathways MS222 Anesthesia Animal welfare In 2013, new guidelines for the euthanasia of animals...

.... * Author for correspondence ( carbo@ifm.liu.se ) Erythrocytes Epigenetics Chicken Stress Animal welfare Production animals Stress in production animals generated by unsustainable production methods is a frequent issue of concern. Besides the ethical issue of inducing unnecessary stress...

... ). Primarily, patterns in the data are interpreted from graphs of sample effect sizes and their precision (quantified by 95% confidence intervals) ( Lavine, 2014 ; Loftus, 1993 ). Refinement is an integral component of improving laboratory animal welfare, which is vital for healthy biological...

... in house sparrows, perhaps due to disregulation of glucocorticoids, natural microflora or both. * Author for correspondence ( lmartin@cas.usf.edu ) 9 5 2011 © 2011. 2011 animal welfare captivity disease health immune stress trade-off Rarely is one immune measure at one...