... , an indirect measure of EE, were analyzed during different flight and activity modes. When birds were exclusively soaring, a metric derived from angular velocity on the yaw axis provided a useful proxy of EE. Thus, body rotations involved in dynamic soaring have clear energetic costs, albeit considerably lower...

..., mean, range and standard deviation) were calculated based on the three-axis accelerations and three-axis angular velocities in each phase ( supplementary material Table S2 ). On the basis of the distinct motion of each of the behaviours, these parameters and inter-axial parameters (e.g. ratio...