... behavior. Kinematics Flight angle Energy saving Wind effectiveness Groundspeed Airspeed National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001 IOS-1930886 Birds use different strategies to lower the cost of flight ( Portugal et al., 2014 ; Usherwood, 2016...

..., understanding how flight characteristics, and hence energy allocation, potentially change with birds' familiarity with a navigational task could provide key insights into the costs of orientation. We addressed this question by examining changes in the wingbeat characteristics and airspeed of homing pigeons...

...Robert Dudley; Robert B. Srygley ABSTRACT Airspeed measurements during natural free flight were made on a total of 270 neotropical butterflies representing 62 species. Morphological data were obtained from the same individuals for which airspeeds had been determined. Flight speed was positively...

... the wing’s surface, and (2) to measure airspeed by detecting the frequency of vibration of the secondary flight feathers. 3 3 1993 © 1993 by Company of Biologists 1993 feathers mechanoreceptors flight birds stall airspeed filoplumes sensory chicken Gallus domesticus...

...James M. Wakeling; Jennifer Hodgson 28 4 1992 © 1992 by Company of Biologists 1992 Sterna albifrons Sterna hirundo Sterna sandvicensis airspeed wingbeat frequency Studies of the mechanical performance of birds during flight are rarely accomplished with wild birds...