... selection of research animals have provided a holistic understanding of diving mammals’ physiology, behavior and ecology. We explore the role of the aerobic diving limit, body size, oxygen stores, prey distribution and metabolism. We then identify gaps in our knowledge and suggest areas for future research...

.... 4 10 2022 8 6 2023 © 2023. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2023 Editor's choice: New models explain how southern elephant seals could perform their dives and how their buoyancy impacts their capabilities. Accelerometer Aerobic dive limit Diving behaviours...

... show that diving ectothermic vertebrates are particularly vulnerable to climate warming. On average, dive durations decreased by 11% with every 1°C increase in water temperature. Climate change Aerobic dive limit Diving lactate threshold Dive durations Bimodal breathers Acclimation...

... and metabolism are not available for these cetaceans. List of abbreviations ADL aerobic dive limit CS citrate synthase CSA cross-sectional area GPDH glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HAD β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase LDH lactate dehydrogenase MAb monoclonal...

... at elevated temperatures in juvenile estuarine crocodiles indicates that reduced capacity for metabolic depression and increased metabolic demands underlie shortened dive durations. Aerobic dive limit Diving metabolism Thermal sensitivity Climate change Bradycardia Heart rate...

... , 1973 ). We estimated the calculated aerobic dive limit (cADL) of South American sea lions as: cADL (min)=available O 2 stores (ml O 2 )/diving metabolic rate (ml O 2  min –1 ). To our knowledge, field metabolic rate (FMR) has not been measured for South American sea lions. However, Dassis et...

... in walruses enables estimates to be made of their aerobic dive limits and theoretical bottom times relative to age and dive depth. Odobenid Myoglobin Acid buffering Ontogeny Aerobic dive limit Arctic With continued human perturbation to the environment, it is becoming increasingly important...

... ). Aerobic dive limit. What is it and is it always used appropriately?   Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol.   145 , 1 - 6 . 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.006 Butler , P. J. and Jones , D. R. ( 1997 ). Physiology of diving of birds and mammals . Physiol. Rev.   77 , 837 - 899...

...B. P. Velten; R. M. Dillaman; S. T. Kinsey; W. A. McLellan; D. A. Pabst SUMMARY Most marine mammals are hypothesized to routinely dive within their aerobic dive limit (ADL). Mammals that regularly perform deep, long-duration dives have locomotor muscles with elevated myoglobin concentrations...

...Paul J. Ponganis; Jessica U. Meir; Cassondra L. Williams Summary Since the introduction of the aerobic dive limit (ADL) 30 years ago, the concept that most dives of marine mammals and sea birds are aerobic in nature has dominated the interpretation of their diving behavior and foraging ecology...

...Katsufumi Sato; Kozue Shiomi; Greg Marshall; Gerald L. Kooyman; Paul J. Ponganis SUMMARY Emperor penguins ( Aptenodytes forsteri ), both at sea and at an experimental dive hole, often have minimal surface periods even after performance of dives far beyond their measured 5.6 min aerobic dive limit...

...Cassondra L. Williams; Jessica U. Meir; Paul J. Ponganis SUMMARY The physiological basis of the aerobic dive limit (ADL), the dive duration associated with the onset of post-dive blood lactate elevation, is hypothesized to be depletion of the muscle oxygen (O 2 ) store. A dual wavelength near...

..., possibly to enhance digestive efficiency. A positive correlation between body mass and EST duration supported this explanation. By contrast, night-active turtles that exceeded their calculated aerobic dive limits in 7.6–16% of the dives engaged in nocturnal ESTs, probably for lactate clearance...

... aerobic dive limit hypoxia P O 2 oxygen depletion Extreme environments, particularly those with limited oxygen(O 2 ) availability, are especially challenging to most life forms,yet still host diverse and abundant life. Species that flourish in such environments are ideal models in which...

...P. J. Ponganis; T. K. Stockard; J. U. Meir; C. L. Williams; K. V. Ponganis; R. Howard SUMMARY In order to further define O 2 store utilization during dives and understand the physiological basis of the aerobic dive limit (ADL, dive duration associated with the onset of post-dive blood lactate...

... duration was variable, (2) final venous P O 2 values spanned a 40-mmHg range at the previously measured aerobic dive limit (ADL; dive duration associated with onset of post-dive blood lactate accumulation), (3) final arterial, venous and previously measured air sac P O 2 values were indistinguishable...

... and shallow dives occurring between dive bouts help to reduce supersaturation and thereby DCS risk. Furthermore, adipose tissue could also help reduce DCS risk during the first few dives in a bout by functioning as a sink to buffer extreme levels of N 2 . ADL aerobic dive limit ATA atmospheres...

... stores aerobic dive limit pinniped Zalophus californianus For air-breathing vertebrates, an individual's ability to acquire food resources in the marine environment results from the interaction between an animal's behavior and its physiological capability, both of which may vary by age, body...

... an interval may be required for beaked whales to recover from an oxygen debt accrued in the deep foraging dives, which last about twice the estimated aerobic dive limit. Recent reports of gas emboli in beaked whales stranded during naval sonar exercises have led to the hypothesis that their deep-diving may...

.... In particular, an estimate was made of the energetic cost of diving in order to determine the proportion of dives that may exceed the calculated aerobic dive limit (cADL; estimated usable O 2 stores/estimated rate of oxygen consumption during diving). An implanted data logger enabled f h and diving behaviour...