... (Corixidae), an animal that spans much of the intermediate regime (10< Re <200). By measuring the force generated by tethered water boatmen, we found that thrust is generated primarily by drag on the paddling appendages, with a negligible contribution from the acceleration reaction force. Based...

...}_{\mathrm{(r,t)}}^{{^\prime}}]{/}F_{\mathrm{measured(t)}}.\] \end{document} e-mail: [email protected] 22 3 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 locomotion unsteady fluid dynamics energetics blade-element analysis circulatory force acceleration reaction...

... model. Accelerational stroking had greater effects on descent costs as body size decreased. * Present address: Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. Key words: locomotion, kinematics, drag, buoyancy, acceleration reaction, diving ducks, body |jze, cost...