... the cleft increased speed. As the cells slow down, they orient both migration and protrusions towards the nascent cleft, while cells in the adjacent branches orient towards the elongating tips. We next tested the hypothesis that TGF-β signaling controls mammary branching by regulating cell migration. We...

..., our study indicated that MKL1 promoted the migration and invasion of PTC cells. MKL1 interacted with and recruited Smad3 to the promoter of MMP2 to activate MMP2 transcription upon treatment with TGF-β. Moreover, there was significant correlation between expression of TGF-β, MKL1 and MMP2 in our...

... remains unclear. Understanding signalling dynamics is thus a key challenge in determining how cells respond to external cues. Here, we demonstrate that different TGF-β family ligands, namely activin A and BMP4, signal with distinct dynamics, which differ profoundly from those of TGF-β itself...

... STAT3 activation pathway is identified. Fibrosis siRNA Fibroblast Stiffness TGF-β Myofibroblasts are key effector cells in wound healing, but also play a leading role in pathological fibrosis and contribute to tumor progression ( Hinz et al., 2012 ). The myofibroblast cytoskeleton...

...-of-function mutations in FLNB cause two groups of skeletal disorders that can be attributed to either the loss of repressive function on TGF-β signaling or a disruption in mechanosensory properties, respectively. In this Review, we highlight a unique family of vertebrate-specific short-lived filamin-binding...

... (EDB), referred to as EDA+FN or EDB+FN, are highly upregulated in tumor vasculature. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling has been attributed a pivotal role in glioblastoma, with TGF-β promoting angiogenesis and vessel remodeling. By using immunohistochemistry staining, we observed...

.... It is debated whether epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) affects tubular cells, which under high-glucose conditions overproduce transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a fibrogenic cytokine involved in interstitial fibrosis development. Our study investigated the involvement of non-receptor tyrosine kinase...

.... TGF-β and hypoxia, two cues that initiate injury-induced fibrosis, caused human kidney cells to develop a mesenchymal phenotype, including increased fibronectin expression and secretion. However, upon hypoxia, assembled extracellular fibronectin fibrils were mostly absent, whereas treatment with TGF-β...

... −/− mice, during late stages, the mutant muscle exhibits necrotic fibers, calcium deposits and fibrosis. TGF-β expression, as well as levels of phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3, are sustained in the mutant tissue and treatment with decorin, which blocks TGF-β signaling, improves the histopathology of Sharp-1...

... this are poorly understood. Ski is a negative regulator of TGF-β–Smad signaling in myofibroblasts, and might redirect the myofibroblast phenotype back to fibroblasts. Meox2 could alter TGF-β-mediated cellular processes and is repressed by Zeb2. Here, we investigated whether Ski diminishes the myofibroblast...

.... Consistent with these observations, cell proliferation was elevated in acini formed by human prostate epithelial cells stably silenced for Dkk-3. Silencing of Dkk-3 increased TGF-β/Smad signalling, and inhibitors of TGF-β/Smad signalling rescued the defective acinar phenotype caused by loss of Dkk-3...

... by lentiviral-mediated delivery of small interfering RNA against CCR5 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 , 183 - 188 . Qiu T. , Wu X. , Zhang F. , Clemens T. L. , Wan M. , Cao X. ( 2010 ). TGF-β type II receptor phosphorylates PTH receptor to integrate bone remodelling...

... at the level of DNA binding and transcriptional activation. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: yvonne.janssen@uvm.edu ) 10 1 2008 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2008 2008 Lung EMT TGF-β JNK SMAD Mouse Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged...

... are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that cholesterol treatment suppresses or attenuates TGF-β responsiveness in all cell types studied as determined by measuring TGF-β-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, TGF-β-induced PAI-1 expression, TGF-β-induced luciferase reporter gene...

... recombinant epilysin in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells and found that this resulted in stable and irreversible epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied by loss of cell surface E-cadherin, proteolytic processing of latent TGF-β-complexes and increased levels of active TGF-β. The cascade of events...

...Vladimír Leksa; Samuel Godar; Herbert B. Schiller; Elke Fuertbauer; Arshad Muhammad; Katarina Slezakova; Vaclav Horejsi; Peter Steinlein; Ulrich H. Weidle; Bernd R. Binder; Hannes Stockinger Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a key modulator of endothelial cell apoptosis, must be activated from...

...Aristidis Moustakas; Carl-Henrik Heldin During the past 10 years, it has been firmly established that Smad pathways are central mediators of signals from the receptors for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily members to the nucleus. However, growing biochemical and developmental...

... activity around stromal cells in cocultures and xenografted tumors. Use of Smad3 knockout fibroblasts, small molecule inhibitors, and neutralizing antibodies showed that MMP-9 expression was induced by tumor cell-derived TNF-α and TGF-β, dependent on Smad-, Ras-, and PI3-kinase-signaling, and likewise...

... to a nitrocellulose membrane, and western blotted using rabbit anti-Myc IgG and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody. To detect the formation of the complex between either ECR3E-Myc or ECR3E-1-2-Myc and TGF-β, the samples were separated by 7% PAGE under nonreducing conditions and blotted with either VB3A9 or mouse...

... for correspondence (e-mail: mwheelock@unmc.edu ) 4 11 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 Cadherin TGF-β Epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition Motility Epithelial cell-cell junctions provide tissue integrity and promote cellular polarity ( Perez-Moreno et al., 2003...