The co-ordination of rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton depends on its tight connection to the plasma membrane. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is thought to transmit signals originating at the plasma membrane to the underlying actin cytoskeleton. This lipid binds to, and influences the activity of, several actin-associated proteins in vitro that regulate the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. Signalling intermediates in this process include focal adhesion molecules such as vinculin and members of two families of proteins, ERM and WASP. These proteins interact with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and appear to be regulated by interplay between small GTPases and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate metabolism, and thus link the plasma membrane with cytoskeletal remodelling.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Achiriloaie
M.
, Barylko
B.
, Albanesi
J. P.
(1999
). Essential role of the dynamin pleckstrin homology domain in receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Mol. Cell. Biol
19
, 1410
–1415
Aktories
K.
, Hall
A.
(1989
). Botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase C3: a new tool to study low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins.
Trends Pharmacol. Sci
10
, 415
–418
Anderson
R. A.
, Marchesi
V. T.
(1985
). Regulation of the association of membrane skeletal protein 4.1 with glycophorin by a polyphosphoinositide.
Nature
318
, 295
–298
Arpin
M.
, Algrain
M.
, Louvard
D.
(1994
). Membrane-actin microfilament connections: an increasing diversity of players related to band 4.1.
Curr. Opin. Cell Biol
6
, 136
–141
Bakolitsa
C.
, de Pereda
J. M.
, Bagshaw
C. R.
, Critchley
D. R.
, Liddington
R. C.
(1999
). Crystal structure of the vinculin tail suggests a pathway for activation.
Cell
99
, 603
–613
Bear
J. E.
, Loureiro
J. J.
, Libova
I.
, Fassler
R.
, Wehland
J.
, Gertler
F. B.
(2000
). Negative regulation of fibroblast motility by Ena/VASP proteins.
Cell
101
, 717
–728
Bell
R. M.
, Burns
D. J.
(1991
). Lipid activation of protein kinase C.
J. Biol. Chem
266
, 4661
–4664
Bishop
A. L.
, Hall
A.
(2000
). Rho GTPases and their effector proteins.
Biochem. J
348
, 241
–255
Bretscher
A.
, Reczek
D.
, Berryman
M.
(1997
). Ezrin: a protein requiring conformational activation to link microfilaments to the plasma membrane in the assembly of cell surface structures.
J. Cell Sci
110
, 3011
–3018
Bretscher
A.
(1999
). Regulation of cortical structure by the ezrin-radixin-moesin protein family.
Curr. Opin. Cell Biol
11
, 109
–116
Burridge.
K.
, Chrzanowska-Wodnicka
M.
(1996
). Focal adhesions, contractility, and signaling.
Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol
12
, 463
–518
Cerione
R.
(1998
). PIP2: activator… or terminator of small G proteins?.
Trends Biochem. Sci
23
, 100
–.Chabre
M.
, Antonny
B.
, Paris
S.
(1998
). PIP2: activator… or terminator of small G proteins?.
Trends Biochem. Sci
23
, 98
–99
Chaudhary
A.
, Chen
J.
, Gu
Q. M.
, Witke
W.
, Kwiatkowski
D. J.
, Prestwich
G. D.
(1998
). Probing the phosphoinositide 4,5-bisphosphate binding site of human profilin I.
Chem. Biol
5
, 273
–281
Chong
L. D.
, Traynor-Kaplan
A.
, Bokoch
G. M.
, Schwartz
M. A.
(1994
). The small GTP-binding protein Rho regulates a phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase in mammalian cells.
Cell
79
, 507
–513
Chuang
T. H.
, Bohl
B. P.
, Bokoch
G. M.
(1993
). Biologically active lipids are regulators of Rac. GDI complexation.
J. Biol. Chem
268
, 26206
–26211
Critchley
D. R.
(2000
). Focal adhesions—the cytoskeletal connection.
Curr. Opin. Cell Biol
12
, 133
–139
Czech
M. P.
(2000
). PIP2 and PIP3: complex roles at the cell surface.
Cell
100
, 603
–606
Derry
J. M.
, Ochs
H. D.
, Francke
U.
(1994
). Isolation of a novel gene mutated in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.
Cell
78
, 635
–644
Donaldson
J. G.
, Jackson
C. L.
(2000
). Regulators and effectors of the ARF GTPases.
Curr. Opin. Cell Biol
12
, 475
–482
Eichinger
L.
, Schleicher
M.
(1992
). Characterization of actin-and lipid-binding domains in severin, a Ca(2+)-dependent F-actin fragmenting protein.
Biochemistry
31
, 4779
–4787
Fukami
K.
, Furuhashi
K.
, Inagaki
M.
, Endo
T.
, Hatano
S.
, Takenawa
T.
(1992
). Requirement of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate for alpha-actinin function.
Nature
359
, 150
–152
Fukami
K.
, Sawada
N.
, Endo
T.
, Takenawa
T.
(1996
). Identification of a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-binding site in chicken skeletal muscle alpha-actinin.
J. Biol. Chem
271
, 2646
–2650
Furuhashi
K.
, Inagaki
M.
, Hatano
S.
, Fukami
K.
, Takenawa
T.
(1992
). Inositol phospholipid-induced suppression of F-actin-gelating activity of smooth muscle filamin.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
184
, 1261
–1265
Gary
R.
, Bretscher
A.
(1995
). Ezrin self-association involves binding of an N-terminal domain to a normally masked C-terminal domain that includes the F-actin binding site.
Mol. Biol. Cell
6
, 1061
–1075
Gilmore
A. P.
, Burridge
K.
(1996
). Regulation of vinculin binding to talin and actin by phosphatidyl-inositol-4-5-bisphosphate.
Nature
381
, 531
–535
Hartwig
J. H.
, Kwiatkowski
D. J.
(1991
). Actin-binding proteins.
Curr. Opin. Cell Biol
3
, 87
–97
Hartwig
J. H.
, Bokoch
G. M.
, Carpenter
C. L.
, Janmey
P. A.
, Taylor
L. A.
, Toker
A.
, Stossel
T. P.
(1995
). Thrombin receptor ligation and activated Rac uncap actin filament barbed ends through phosphoinositide synthesis in permeabilized human platelets.
Cell
82
, 643
–653
Haus
U.
, Hartmann
H.
, Trommler
P.
, Noegel
A. A.
, Schleicher
M.
(1991
). F-actin capping by cap32/34 requires heterodimeric conformation and can be inhibited with PIP2.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
181
, 833
–839
Heise
H.
, Bayerl
T.
, Isenberg
G.
, Sackmann
E.
(1991
). Human platelet P-235, a talin-like actin binding protein, binds selectively to mixed lipid bilayers.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1061
, 121
–131
Heiska
L.
, Alfthan
K.
, Gronholm
M.
, Vilja
P.
, Vaheri
A.
, Carpen
O.
(1998
). Association of ezrin with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and-2 (ICAM-1 and ICAM-2). Regulation by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
J. Biol. Chem
273
, 21893
–21900
Heiss
S. G.
, Cooper
J. A.
(1991
). Regulation of CapZ, an actin capping protein of chicken muscle, by anionic phospholipids.
Biochemistry
30
, 8753
–8758
Henry
M. D.
, Gonzalez Agosti
C.
, Solomon
F.
(1995
). Molecular dissection of radixin: distinct and interdependent functions of the amino-and carboxy-terminal domains.
J. Cell Biol
129
, 1007
–1022
Hirao
M.
, Sato
N.
, Kondo
T.
, Yonemura
S.
, Monden
M.
, Sasaki
T.
, Takai
Y.
, Tsukita
S.
, Tsukita
S.
(1996
). Regulation mechanism of ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) protein/plasma membrane association: possible involvement of phosphatidylinositol turnover and Rho-dependent signaling pathway.
J. Cell Biol
135
, 37
–51
Hofmann
A.
, Eichinger
L.
, Andre
E.
, Rieger
D.
, Schleicher
M.
(1992
). Cap100, a novel phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-regulated protein that caps actin filaments but does not nucleate actin assembly.
Cell Motil. Cytoskel
23
, 133
–144
Honda
A.
, Nogami
M.
, Yokozeki
T.
, Yamazaki
M.
, Nakamura
H.
, Watanabe
H.
, Kawamoto
K.
, Nakayama
K.
, Morris
A. J.
, Frohman
M. A.
, Kanaho
Y.
(1999
). Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase alpha is a downstream effector of the small G protein ARF6 in membrane ruffle formation.
Cell
99
, 521
–532
Hoover
K. B.
, Bryant
P. J.
(2000
). The genetics of the protein 4. 1 family: organizers of the membrane and cytoskeleton.
Curr. Opin. Cell Biol
12
, 229
–234
Hsuan
J. J.
, Minogue
S.
, dos Santos
M.
(1998
). Phosphoinositide 4-and 5-kinases and the cellular roles of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
Advan. Cancer Res
74
, 167
–216
Huttelmaier
S.
, Mayboroda
O.
, Harbeck
B.
, Jarchau
T.
, Jockusch
B. M.
, Rudiger
M.
(1998
). The interaction of the cell-contact proteins VASP and vinculin is regulated by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate.
Curr. Biol
8
, 479
–488
Kahn
R. A.
(1998
). PIP2: activator…or terminator of small G proteins?.
Trends Biochem. Sci
23
, 99
–.Kam
J. L.
, Miura
K.
, Jackson
T. R.
, Gruschus
J.
, Roller
P.
, Stauffer
S.
, Clark
J.
, Aneja
R.
, Randazzo
P. A.
(2000
). Phosphoinositide-dependent activation of the ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein ASAP1. Evidence for the pleckstrin homology domain functioning as an allosteric site.
J. Biol. Chem
275
, 9653
–3663
Kim
A. S.
, Kakalis
L. T.
, Abdul-Manan
N.
, Liu
G. A.
, Rosen
M. K.
(2000
). Autoinhibition and activation mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein.
Nature
404
, 151
–158
Kolluri
R.
, Tolias
K. F.
, Carpenter
C. L.
, Rosen
F. S.
, Kirchhausen
T.
(1996
). Direct interaction of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein with the GTPase Cdc42.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
93
, 5615
–5618
Kozma
R.
, Ahmed
S.
, Best
A.
, Lim
L.
(1995
). The Ras-related protein Cdc42Hs and bradykinin promote formation of peripheral actin microspikes and filopodia in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.
Mol. Cell. Biol
15
, 1942
–1952
Krause
M.
, Sechi
A. S.
, Konradt
M.
, Monner
D.
, Gertler
F. B.
, Wehland
J.
(2000
). Fyn-binding protein (Fyb)/SLP-76-associated protein (SLAP), Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) proteins and the Arp2/3 complex link T cell receptor (TCR) signaling to the actin cytoskeleton.
J. Cell Biol
149
, 181
–194
Imai
K.
, Nonoyama
S.
, Miki
H.
, Morio
T.
, Fukami
K.
, Zhu
Q.
, Aruffo
A.
, Ochs
H. D.
, Yata
J.
, Takenawa
T.
(1999
). The pleckstrin homology domain of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is involved in the organization of actin cytoskeleton.
Clin. Immunol
92
, 128
–137
Janmey
P. A.
, Stossel
T. P.
(1987
). Modulation of gelsolin function by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
Nature
325
, 362
–364
Janmey
P. A.
, Matsudaira
P. T.
(1988
). Functional comparison of villin and gelsolin. Effects of Ca2+, KCl, and polyphosphoinositides.
J. Biol. Chem
263
, 16738
–16743
Janmey
P. A.
, Lamb
J.
, Allen
P. G.
, Matsudaira
P. T.
(1992
). Phosphoinositide-binding peptides derived from the sequences of gelsolin and villin.
J. Biol. Chem
267
, 11818
–11823
Jenkins
G. H.
, Fisette
P. L.
, Anderson
R. A.
(1994
). Type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase isoforms are specifically stimulated by phosphatidic acid.
J. Biol. Chem
269
, 11547
–11554
Johnson
R. P.
, Craig
S. W.
(1995
). F-actin binding site masked by the intramolecular association of vinculin head and tail domains.
Nature
373
, 261
–264
Johnson
R. P.
, Niggli
V.
, Durrer
P.
, Craig
S. W.
(1998
). A conserved motif in the tail domain of vinculin mediates association with and insertion into acidic phospholipid bilayers.
Biochemistry
37
, 10211
–10222
Johnson
R. P.
, Craig
S. W.
(2000
). Actin activates a cryptic dimerization potential of the vinculin tail domain.
J. Biol. Chem
275
, 95
–105
Jost
M.
, Simpson
F.
, Kavran
J. M.
, Lemmon
M. A.
, Schmid
S. L.
(1998
). Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate is required for endocytic coated vesicle formation.
Curr. Biol
8
, 1399
–402
Lassing
I.
, Lindberg
U.
(1985
). Specific interaction between phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and profilactin.
Nature
314
, 472
–474
Lassing
I.
, Lindberg
U.
(1988
). Specificity of the interaction between phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and the profilin:actin complex.
J. Cell Biochem
37
, 255
–267
Lassing
I.
, Lindberg
U.
(1988
). Evidence that the phosphatidylinositol cycle is linked to cell motility.
Exp. Cell Res
174
, 1
–15
Lassing
I.
, Lindberg
U.
, Matsui
T.
, Yonemura
S.
, Tsukita
S.
, Tsukita
S.
(1999
). Activation of ERM proteins in vivo by Rho involves phosphatidyl-inositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase and not ROCK kinases.
Curr. Biol
9
, 1259
–1262
Laurent
V.
, Loisel
T. P.
, Harbeck
B.
, Wehman
A.
, Gröbe
L.
, Jockusch
B. M.
, Wehland
J.
, Gertler
F. B.
, Carlier
M.-F.
(1999
). Role of proteins of the Ena/VASP family in actin-based motility of Listeria monocytogenes.
J. Cell Biol
144
, 1245
–1258
Laux
T.
, Fukami
K.
, Thelen
M.
, Golub
T.
, Frey
D.
, Caroni
P.
(2000
). GAP43, MARCKS, and CAP23 modulate PI(4,5)P(2) at plasmalemmal rafts, and regulate cell cortex actin dynamics through a common mechanism.
J. Cell Biol
149
, 1455
–1472
Lee
A.
, Frank
D. W.
, Marks
M. S.
, Lemmon
M. A.
(1999
). Dominant-negative inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis by a dynamin-1 mutant with a defective pleckstrin homology domain.
Curr. Biol
9
, 261
–264
Legg
J. W.
, Isacke
C. M.
(1998
). Identification and functional analysis of the ezrin-binding site in the hyaluronan receptor, CD44.
Curr. Biol
8
, 705
–708
Ma
L.
, Cantley
L. C.
, Janmey
P. A.
, Kirschner
M. W.
(1998
). Corequirement of specific phosphoinositides and small GTP-binding protein Cdc42 in inducing actin assembly in Xenopus egg extracts.
J. Cell Biol
140
, 1125
–1136
Machesky
L. M.
, Insall
R. H.
(1998
). Scar1 and the related Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, WASP, regulate the actin cytoskeleton through the Arp2/3 complex.
Curr. Biol
8
, 1347
–1356
Machesky
L. M.
, Mullins
R. D.
, Higgs
H. N.
, Kaiser
D. A.
, Blanchoin
L.
, May
R. C.
, Hall
M. E.
, Pollard
T. D.
(1999
). Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci
96
, 3739
–3744
Mackay
D. J.
, Esch
F.
, Furthmayr
H.
, Hall
A.
(1997
). Rho-and rac-dependent assembly of focal adhesion complexes and actin filaments in permeabilized fibroblasts: an essential role for ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins.
J. Cell Biol
138
, 927
–938
Majerus
P. W.
, Ross
T. S.
, Cunningham
T. W.
, Caldwell
K. K.
, Jefferson
A. B.
, Bansal
V. S.
(1990
). Recent insights in phosphatidylinositol signaling.
Cell
63
, 459
–465
Matsui
T.
, Maeda
M.
, Doi
Y.
, Yonemura
S.
, Amano
M.
, Kaibuchi
K.
, Tsukita
S.
, Tsukita
S.
(1998
). Rho-kinase phosphorylates COOH-terminal threonines of ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins and regulates their head-to-tail association.
J. Cell Biol
140
, 647
–657
Matsui
T.
, Yonemura
S.
, Tsukita
S.
, Tsukita
S.
(1999
). Activation of ERM proteins in vivo by Rho involves phosphatidyl-inositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase and not ROCK kinases.
Curr. Biol
9
, 1259
–1262
McGough
A.
(1998
). F-actin-binding proteins.
Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol
8
, 166
–176
McNamee
H. P.
, Ingber
D. E.
, Schwartz
M. A.
(1993
). Adhesion to fibronectin stimulates inositol lipid synthesis and enhances PDGF-induced inositol lipid breakdown.
J. Cell Biol
121
, 673
–678
McNamee
H. P.
, Liley
H. G.
, Ingber
D. E.
(1996
). Integrin-dependent control of inositol lipid synthesis in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.
Exp. Cell Res
224
, 116
–122
Miki
H.
, Miura
K.
, Takenawa
T.
(1996
). N-WASP, a novel actin-depolymerizing protein, regulates the cortical cytoskeletal rearrangement in a PIP2-dependent manner downstream of tyrosine kinases.
EMBO J
15
, 5326
–5335
Miki
H.
, Sasaki
T.
, Takai
Y.
, Takenawa
T.
(1998
). Induction offilopodium formation by a WASP-related actin-depolymerizing protein N-WASP.
Nature
391
, 93
–96
Missy
K.
, Van Poucke
V.
, Raynal
P.
, Viala
C.
, Mauco
G.
, Plantavid
M.
, Chap
H.
, Payrastre
B.
(1998
). Lipid products of phosphoinositide 3-kinase interact with Rac1 GTPase and stimulate GDP dissociation.
J. Biol. Chem
273
, 30279
–30286
Niebuhr
K.
, Ebel
F.
, Frank
R.
, Reinhard
M.
, Domann
E.
, Carl
U. D.
, Walter
U.
, Gertler
F. B.
, Wehland
J.
, Chakraborty
T.
(1997
). A novel proline-rich motif present in ActA of Listeria monocytogenes and cytoskeletal proteins is the ligand for the EVH1 domain, a protein module present in the Ena/VASP family.
EMBO J
16
, 5433
–5444
Niggli
V.
, Andreoli
C.
, Roy
C.
, Mangeat
P.
(1995
). Identification of a phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate-binding domain in the N-terminal region of ezrin.
FEBS Lett
376
, 172
–176
Nobes
C. D.
, Hall
A.
(1999
). Rho GTPases control polarity, protrusion, and adhesion during cell movement.
J. Cell Biol
144
, 1235
–1244
Ochs
H. D.
, Slichter
S. J.
, Harker
L. A.
, Von Behrens
W. E.
, Clark
R. A.
, Wedgwood
R. J.
(1980
). The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: studies of lymphocytes, granulocytes, and platelets.
Blood
55
, 243
–252
Oude Weernink
P. A.
, Schulte
P.
, Guo
Y.
, Wetzel
J.
, Amano
M.
, Kaibuchi
K.
, Haverland
S.
, Voss
M.
, Schmidt
M.
, Mayr
G. W.
, Jakobs
K. H.
(2000
). Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase by Rho-kinase.
J. Biol. Chem
275
, 10168
–10174
Pearson
M. A.
, Reczek
D.
, Bretscher
A.
, Karplus
P. A.
(2000
). Structure of the ERM protein moesin reveals the FERM domain fold masked by an extended actin binding tail domain.
Cell
101
, 259
–.Pestonjamasp
K.
, Amieva
M. R.
, Strassel
C. P.
, Nauseef
W. M.
, Furthmayr
H.
, Luna
E. J.
(1995
). Moesin, ezrin, and p205 are actin-binding proteins associated with neutrophil plasma membranes.
Mol. Biol. Cell
6
, 247
–259
Raucher
D.
, Stauffer
T.
, Chen
W.
, Shen
K.
, Guo
S.
, York
J. D.
, Sheetz
M. P.
, Meyer
T.
(2000
). Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate functions as a second messenger that regulates cytoskeleton-plasma membrane adhesion.
Cell
100
, 221
–228
Rebecchi
M. J.
, Scarlata
S.
(1998
). Pleckstrin homology domains: a common fold with diverse functions.
Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct
27
, 503
–528
Remold-O'Donnell
E.
, Rosen
F. S.
, Kenney
D. M.
(1996
). Defects in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome blood cells.
Blood
87
, 2621
–2631
Ren
X. D.
, Bokoch
G. M.
, Traynor-Kaplan
A.
, Jenkins
G. H.
, Anderson
R. A.
, Schwartz
M. A.
(1996
). Physical association of the small GTPase Rho with a 68-kDa phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase in Swiss 3T3 cells.
Mol. Biol. Cell
7
, 435
–442
Ridley
A. J.
, Hall
A.
(1992
). The small GTP-binding protein rho regulates the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in response to growth factors.
Cell
70
, 389
–399
Ridley
A. J.
, Paterson
H. F.
, Johnston
C. L.
, Diekmann
D.
, Hall
A.
(1992
). The small GTP-binding protein rac regulates growth factor-induced membrane ruffling.
Cell
70
, 401
–410
Rohatgi
R.
, Ma
L.
, Miki
H.
, Lopez
M.
, Kirchhausen
T.
, Takenawa
T.
, Kirschner
M. W.
(1999
). The interaction between N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex links Cdc42-dependent signals to actin assembly.
Cell
97
, 221
–231
Roy
C.
, Martin
M.
, Mangeat
P.
(1997
). A dual involvement of the amino-terminal domain of ezrin in F-and G-actin binding.
J. Biol. Chem
272
, 20088
–20095
Rozelle
A. L.
, Machesky
L. M.
, Yamamoto
M.
, Driessens
M. H.
, Insall
R. H.
, Roth
M. G.
, Luby-Phelps
K.
, Marriott
G.
, Hall
A.
, Yin
H. L.
(2000
). Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate induces actin-based movement of raft-enriched vesicles through WASP-Arp2/3.
Curr. Biol
10
, 311
–320
Sakisaka
T.
, Itoh
T.
, Miura
K.
, Takenawa
T.
(1997
). Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphatase regulates the rearrangement of actin filaments.
Mol. Cell Biol
17
, 3841
–3849
Sakurai
T.
, Kurokawa
H.
, Nonomura
Y.
(1991
). The Ca2(+)-dependent actin filament-severing activity of 74-kDa protein (adseverin) resides in its NH2-terminal half.
J. Biol. Chem
266
, 4581
–4585
Schmidt
A.
, Hall
M. N.
(1998
). Signaling to the actin cytoskeleton.
Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol
14
, 305
–38
Serrador
J. M.
, Alonso-Lebrero
J. L.
, del Pozo
M. A.
, Furthmayr
H.
, Schwartz-Albiez
R.
, Calvo
J.
, Lozano
F.
, Sanchez-Madrid
F.
(1997
). Moesin interacts with the cytoplasmic region of intercellular adhesion molecule-3 and is redistributed to the uropod of T lymphocytes during cell polarization.
J. Cell Biol
138
, 1409
–1423
Shaw
R. J.
, Henry
M.
, Solomon
F.
, Jacks
T.
(1998
). RhoA-dependent phosphorylation and relocalization of ERM proteins into apical membrane/actin protrusions in fibroblasts.
Mol. Biol. Cell
9
, 403
–419
Shibasaki
Y.
, Ishihara
H.
, Kizuki
N.
, Asano
T.
, Oka
Y.
, Yazaki
Y.
(1997
). Massive actin polymerization induced by phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase in vivo.
J. Biol. Chem
272
, 7578
–7581
Smith
G. A.
, Theriot
J. A.
, Portnoy
D. A.
(1996
). The tandem repeat domain in the Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein controls the rate of actin-based motility, the percentage of moving bacteria, and the localization of Vasodilator-stimulated Phosphoprotein and profilin.
J. Cell Biol
135
, 647
–660
Sohn
R. H.
, Chen
J.
, Koblan
K. S.
, Bray
P. F.
, Goldschmidt-Clermont
P. J.
(1995
). Localization of a binding site for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate on human profilin.
J. Biol. Chem
270
, 21114
–21120
Steimle
P. A.
, Hoffert
J. D.
, Adey
N. B.
, Craig
S. W.
(1999
). Polyphosphoinositides inhibit the interaction of vinculin with actin filaments.
J. Biol. Chem
274
, 18414
–18420
Stossel
T. P.
(1993
). On the crawling of animal cells.
Science
260
, 1086
–1094
Symons
M.
, Derry
J. M. J.
, Karlak
B.
, Jiang
S.
, Lemahieu
V.
, McCormick
F.
, Francke
U.
, Abo
A.
(1996
). Wiskott—Aldrich syndrome protein, a novel effector for the GTPase CDC42Hs, is implicated in actin polymerization.
Cell
84
, 723
–734
Takahashi
K.
, Sasaki
T.
, Mammoto
A.
, Takaishi
K.
, Kameyama
T.
, Tsukita
S.
, Takai
Y.
(1997
). Direct interaction of the Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor with ezrin/radixin/moesin initiates the activation of the Rho small G protein.
J. Biol. Chem
272
, 23371
–23375
Tall
E. G.
, Spector
I.
, Pentyala
S. N.
, Bitter
I.
, Rebecchi
M. J.
(2000
). Dynamics of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in actin-rich structures.
Curr. Biol
10
, 743
–746
Tempel
M.
, Goldmann
W. H.
, Dietrich
C.
, Niggli
V.
, Weber
T.
, Sackmann
E.
, Isenberg
G.
(1994
). Insertion of filamin into lipid membranes examined by calorimetry, the film balance technique, and lipid photolabeling.
Biochemistry
33
, 12565
–12572
Tempel
M.
, Goldmann
W. H.
, Isenberg
G.
, Sackmann
E.
(1995
). Interaction of the 47-kDa talin fragment and the 32-kDa vinculin fragmentwith acidic phospholipids: a computer analysis.
Biophys. J
69
, 228
–241
Terada
N.
, Fujii
Y.
, Ohno
S.
(1996
). Three-dimensional ultrastructure of in situ membrane skeletons in human erythrocytes by quick-freezing and deep-etching method.
Histol. Histopathol
11
, 787
–800
Tolias
K. F.
, Couvillon
A. D.
, Cantley
L. C.
, Carpenter
C. L.
(1998
). Characterization of a Rac1-and RhoGDI-associated lipid kinase signaling complex.
Mol. Cell. Biol
18
, 762
–770
Tolias
K. F.
, Hartwig
J. H.
, Ishihara
H.
, Shibasaki
Y.
, Cantley
L. C.
, Carpenter
C. L.
(2000
). Type Ialpha phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase mediates Rac-dependent actin assembly.
Curr. Biol
10
, 153
–156
Turunen
O.
, Wahlstrom
T.
, Vaheri
A.
(1994
). Ezrin has a COOH-terminal actin-binding site that is conserved in the ezrin protein family.
J. Cell Biol
126
, 1445
–1453
Vallis
Y.
, Wigge
P.
, Marks
B.
, Evans
P. R.
, McMahon
H. T.
(1999
). Importance of the pleckstrin homology domain of dynamin in clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Curr. Biol
9
, 257
–260
Van Troys
M.
, Vandekerckhove
J.
, Ampe
C.
(1999
). Structural modules in actin-binding proteins: towards a new classification.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1448
, 323
–348
Weekes
J.
, Barry
S. T.
, Critchley
D. R.
(1996
). Acidic phospholipids inhibit the intramolecular association between the N-and C-terminal regions of vinculin, exposing actin-binding and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites.
Biochem. J
314
, 827
–832
Yonemura
S.
, Hirao
M.
, Doi
Y.
, Takahashi
N.
, Kondo
T.
, Tsukita
S.
, Tsukita
S.
(1998
). Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) proteins bind to a positively charged amino acid cluster in the juxta-membrane cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2.
J. Cell Biol
140
, 885
–895
Yonezawa
N.
, Nishida
E.
, Iida
K.
, Yahara
I.
, Sakai
H.
(1990
). Inhibition of the interactions of cofilin, destrin, and deoxyribonuclease I with actin by phosphoinositides.
J. Biol. Chem
265
, 8382
–8386
Yonezawa
N.
, Homma
Y.
, Yahara
I.
, Sakai
H.
, Nishida
E.
(1991
). A short sequence responsible for both phosphoinositide binding and actin binding activities of cofilin.
J. Biol. Chem
266
, 17218
–17221
Yu
F. X.
, Johnston
P. A.
, Sudhof
T. C.
, Yin
H. L.
(1990
). gCap39, a calcium ion-and polyphosphoinositide-regulated actin capping protein.
Science
250
, 1413
–1415
Yu
F. X.
, Sun
H. Q.
, Janmey
P. A.
, Yin
H. L.
(1992
). Identification of a polyphosphoinositide-binding sequence in an actin monomer-binding domain of gelsolin.
J. Biol. Chem
267
, 14616
–14621
Zheng
Y.
, Glaven
J. A.
, Wu
W. J.
, Cerione
R. A.
(1996
). Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate provides an alternative to guanine nucleotide exchange factors by stimulating the dissociation of GDP from Cdc42Hs.
J. Biol. Chem
271
, 23815
–23819
This content is only available via PDF.
© 2000 by Company of Biologists
2000
