REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Albrecht-Buehler
G.
(1987
). Role of cortical tension in fibroblast shape and movement.
Cell Motil. Cytoskel
7
, 54
–67
Albrecht-Buehler
G.
(1990
). In defense of “nonmolecular” cell biology.
Int. Rev. Cytol
120
, 191
–241
Ausio
J.
(1992
). Structure and dynamics of transcriptionally active chromatin.
J. Cell Sci
102
, 1
–5
Bailly
E.
, Celati
C.
, Bornens
M.
(1991
). The cortical actomyosin system of cytochalasin D-treated lymphoblasts.
Exp. Cell Res
196
, 287
–293
Ben Ze'ev
A.
, Duerr
A.
, Salomon
F.
, Penman
S.
(1979
). The outerboundary of the cytoskeleton: a lamina derived from plasma membrane proteins.
Cell
17
, 859
–865
Bereiter-Hahn
J.
(1986
). Scanning acoustic microscopy visualizes cytomechanical responses to cytochalasin D.
J. Microsc
146
, 29
–39
Bereiter-Hahn
J.
, Luck
M.
, Miebach
T.
, Stelzer
H.K.
, Voth
M.
(1990
). Spreading of trypsinized cells: cytoskeletal dynamics and energy requirements.
J. Cell Sci
96
, 171
–188
Bershadsky
A.D.
, Tint
I.S.
, Svitkina
T.M.
) (1987
). Association of intermediate filaments with vinculin-containing adhesion plaques of fibroblasts.
Cell Motil. Cytoskel
8
, 274
–283
Blose
S.H.
, Meltzer
D.I.
, Feramisco
J.R.
) (1984
). 10-nm filaments are induced to collapse in living cells microinjected with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against tubulin.
J. Cell Biol
98
, 847
–858
Boyd
J.
, Pienta
K.J.
, Getzenberg
R.H.
, Coffey
D.S.
, Barrett
J.C.
) (1991
). Preneoplastic alterations in nuclear morphology that accompany loss of tumor suppressor phenotype.
J. Nat. Cancer Inst
83
, 862
–866
Bridgman
P.C.
, Dailey
M.E.
) (1989
). The organization of myosin and actin in rapid frozen nerve growth cones.
J. Cell Biol
108
, 95
–109
Brodland
G.W.
, Gordon
R.
(1991
). Intermediate filaments may prevent buckling of compressively loaded microtubules.
J. Biomech. Eng
112
, 319
–321
Burnside
B.
(1971
). Microtubules and microfilaments in newt neurulation.
Dev. Biol
26
, 416
–441
Burridge
K.
, Fath
K.
, Kelly
T.
, Nucko
G.
, Turner
C.
(1988
). Focal adhesions: transmembrane junctions between the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton.
Annu. Rev.Cell Biol
4
, 487
–525
Buxbaum
R.E.
, Heidemann
S.R.
) (1988
). A thermodynamic model for force integration and microtubule assembly during axonal elongation.
J. Theor. Biol
134
, 379
–390
Chen
W.-T.
(1981
). Mechanism of retraction of the trailing edge during fibroblast movement.
J. Cell Biol
90
, 187
–200
Couchman
J.R.
, Rees
D.A.
, Green
M.R.
, Smith
C.G.
) (1982
). Fibronectin has a dual role in locomotion and anchorage of primary chick fibroblasts and can promote entry into the division cycle.
J. Cell Biol
93
, 402
–410
Danowski
B.A.
(1989
). Fibroblast contractility and actin organization are stimulated by microtubule inhibitors.
J. Cell Sci
93
, 255
–266
Dennerll
T.J.
, Joshi
H.C.
, Steel
V.L.
, Buxbaum
R.E.
, Heidemann
S.R.
) (1988
). Tension and compression in the cytoskeleton II: quantitative measurements.
J. Cell Biol
107
, 65
–664
Dennerll
T.J.
, Lamoureux
P.
, Buxbaum
R.E.
, Heidemann
S.R.
) (1989
). The cytomechanics of axonal elongation and retraction.
J. Cell Biol
107
, 073
–3083
Domnina
L.V.
, Rovensky
J.A.
, Vasiliev
J.M.
, Gelfand
I.M.
) (1985
). Effect of microtubule-destroying drugs on the spreading and shape of cultured epithelial cells.
J. Cell Sci
74
, 267
–282
Emerman
J.T.
, Pitelka
D.R.
) (1977
). Maintenance and induction of morphological differentiation in dissociated mammary epithelium on floating collagen membranes.
In Vitro
13
, 316
–328
Erickson
C.A.
, Trinkaus
J.P.
) (1976
). Microvilli and blebs as sources of reserve surface membrane during cell spreading.
Exp. Cell Res
99
, 375
–384
Felder
S.
, Elson
E.L.
) (1990
). Mechanics of fibroblast locomotion: quantitative analysis of forces and motions at the leading lamellas of fibroblasts.
J. Cell Biol
111
, 2513
–2526
Feldherr
C.M.
, Akin
D.
(1990
). The permeability of the nuclear envelope in dividing and nondividing cell cultures.
J. Cell Biol
111
, 1
–8
Fey
E.G.
, Wan
K.M.
, Penman
S.
(1984
). Epithelial cytoskeletal framework and nuclear matrix-intermediate filament scaffold: three-D.E.Ingber625Cellular tensegritydimensional organization and protein composition.
J. Cell Biol
98
, 1973
–1984
Flanders
D.J.
, Rawlins
D.J.
, Shaw
P.J.
, Lloyd
C.W.
) (1990
). Nucleus-associated microtubules help determine the division plane of plant epidermal cells: avoidance of four-way junctions and the role of cell geometry.
J. Cell Biol
110
, 1111
–1122
Folkman
J.
, Moscona
A.
(1978
). Role of cell shape in growth control.
Nature
273
, 345
–349
Franke
R.-P.
, Grafe
M.
, Schnittler
H.
, Seiffge
D.
, Mittermayer
C.
, Drenckhahn
D.
(1984
). Induction of human vascular endothelial stress fibres by fluid shear stress.
Nature
307
, 648
–649
Fulton
A.B.
, Isaacs
W.B.
) (1986
). Possible tensegrity models for the cytoskeleton.
J. Cell Biol
103
, 409
–.Georgatos
S.D.
, Blobel
G.
(1987
). Two distinct attachment sites for vimentin along the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope in avian erythrocytes: a basis for a vectorial assembly of intermediate filaments.
J. Cell Biol
105
, 105
–115
Gingell
D.
, Owens
N.
(1992
). How do cells sense and respond to adhesive contacts? Diffusion-trapping of laterally mobile membrane proteins at maturing adhesions may initiate signals leading to local cytoskeletal assembly response and lamella formation.
J. Cell Sci
101
, 255
–266
Goldschmidt-Clermont
P.J.
, Machesky
L.M.
, Baldassare
J.J.
, Pollard
T.D.
) (1990
). The actin-binding protein profilin binds to PIP2 and inhibits its hydrolysis by phospholipase C.
Science
247
, 1575
–1578
Goldstein
L.S.B.
, Vale
R.D.
) (1992
). New cytoskeletal liasons.
Nature
359
, 193
–194
Gordon
R.
, Brodland
G.W.
) (1987
). The cytoskeletal mechanics of brain morphogenesis: cell state splitters cause primary neural induction.
Cell Biophys
11
, 177
–238
Green
K.J.
, Talian
J.C.
, Goldman
R.D.
(1986
). Relationship between intermediate filaments and microfilaments in cultured fibroblasts: evidence for common foci during cell spreading.
Cell Motil. Cytoskel
6
, 406
–418
Greenspan
H.
, Folkman
J.
(1977
). Hypotheses on cell adhesion and actin cables.
J. Theor. Biol
65
, 397
–398
Hahne
G.
, Hoffmann
F.
(1984
). The effect of laser microsurgery on cytoplasmic strands and cytoplasmic streaming in isolated plant protoplasts. Eur.
J. Cell Biol
33
, 175
–179
Harris
A.K.
, Wild
P.
, Stopak
D.
(1980
). Silicone rubber substrata: a new wrinkle in the study of cell locomotion.
Science
208
, 177
–180
Hay
M.
, De Boni
U.
(1991
). Chromatin motion in neuronal interphase nuclei: changes induced by disruption of intermediate filaments.
Cell Motil. Cytoskel
18
, 63
–75
Heath
J.P.
(1983
). Behaviour and structure of the leading lamella in moving fibroblasts. I. Occurence and centipetal movement of arc-shaped microfilament bundles beneath the dorsal cell surface.
J. Cell Sci
60
, 331
–354
Heath
J.P.
, Holifield
B.F.
) (1991
). Cell locomotion: new research tests old ideas on membrane and cytoskeletal flow.
Cell Motil. Cytoskel
18
, 245
–257
Heidemann
S.R.
, Buxbaum
R.E.
) (1990
). Tension as a regulator and integrator of axonal growth.
Cell Motil. Cytoskel
17
, 6
–10
Heidemann
S.R.
, Lamoureux
P.
, Buxbaum
R.E.
) (1990
). Growth cone behavior and production of traction force.
J. Cell Biol
111
, 1949
–1957
Heuser
J.E.
, Kirschner
M.W.
) (1980
). Filament organization revealed in platinum replicas of freeze-dried cytoskeletons.
J. Cell Biol
86
, 212
–234
Hill
T.L.
(1981
). Microfilament or microtubule assembly or disassembly against a force.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
78
, 5613
–5617
Hollenbeck
P.J.
, Bershadsky
A.D.
, Pletjushkina
O.Y.
, Tint
I.S.
, Vasiliev
J.M.
) (1989
). Intermediate filament collapse is an ATP-dependent and actin-dependent process.
J. Cell Sci
92
, 621
–631
Ingber
D.E.
(1990
). Fibronectin controls capillary endothelial cell growth by modulating cell shape.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
87
, 3579
–3583
Ingber
D.E.
(1991
). Integrins as mechanochemical transducers.
Curr. Opin. Cell Biol
3
, 841
–848
Ingber
D.E.
, Folkman
J.
(1989
). Mechanochemical switching between growth and differentiation during fibroblast growth factor-stimulated angiogenesis in vitro: role of extracellular matrix.
J. Cell Biol
109
, 317
–330
Ingber
D.E.
, Madri
J.A.
, Jamieson
J.D.
) (1981
). Role of basal lamina in the neoplastic disorganization of tissue architecture.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
78
, 3901
–3905
Ingber
D.E.
, Madri
J.A.
, Jamieson
J.D.
) (1986
). Basement membrane as a spatial organizer of polarized epithelia: exogenous basement membrane reorients pancreatic epithelial tumor cells in vitro.
Amer. J. Pathol
122
, 129
–139
Ingber
D.E.
, Madri
J.A.
, Folkman
J.
(1987
). Extracellular matrix regulates endothelial growth factor action through modulation of cell and nuclear expansion.
In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol
23
, 387
–394
Isenberg
G.
, Rathke
P.C.
, Hulsmann
N.
, Franke
W.W.
, Wohlfarth-Botterman
K.E.
) (1976
). Cytoplasmic actomyosin fibrils in tissue culture cells: direct proof of contractility by visualization of ATP-induced contraction in fibrils isolated by laser microbeam dissection.
Cell Tiss. Res
166
, 427
–443
Isenberg
G.
, Wohlfarth-Botterman
K.E.
) (1976
). Transformation of cytoplasmic actin: importance for the organization of the contractile gel reticulum and the contraction-relaxation cycle of cytoplasmic actomyosin.
Cell Tiss. Res
173
, 495
–528
Janmey
P.A.
, Euteneur
U.
, Traub
P.
, Schliwa
M.
(1991
). Viscoelastic properties of vimentin compared with other filamentous biopolymer networks.
J. Cell Biol
113
, 155
–160
Janmey
P.A.
, Iida
K.
, Yin
H.L.
, Stossel
T.P.
) (1987
). Polyphosphoinositide micelles and polyphosphoinositide-containing vesicles dissociate endogenous gelsolin-actin complexes and promote actin assembly from the fast-growing end of actin filaments blocked by gelsolin.
J. Biol. Chem
262
, 12228
–12236
Joshi
H.C.
, Chu
D.
, Buxbaum
R.E.
, Heidemann
S.R.
) (1985
). Tension and compression in the cytoskeleton of PC 12 neurites.
J. Cell Biol
101
, 697
–705
Kolodney
M.S.
, Wysolmerski
R.B.
) (1992
). Isometric contraction by fibroblasts and endothelial cells in tissue culture: a quantitative study.
J. Cell Biol
117
, 73
–82
Kolega
J.
(1986
). Effects of mechanical tension on protrusive activity and microfilament and intermediate filament organization in an epidermal epithelium moving in culture.
J. Cell Biol
102
, 1400
–1411
Kreis
T.E.
, Birchmeier
W.
(1980
). Stress fiber sarcomeres of fibroblasts are contractile.
Cell
22
, 555
–561
Kreisberg
J.I.
, Venkatachalam
M.A.
, Radnik
R.A.
, Patel
P.Y.
) (1985
). Role of myosin light-chain phosphorylation and microtubules in stress fiber morphology in cultured mesangial cells.
Amer. J. Physiol
249
, 227
–.Kunzenbacher
I.
, Bereiter-Hahn
J.
, Osborn
M.
, Weber
K.
(1982
). 626Dynamics of the cytoskeleton of epidermal cells in situ and in culture.
Cell Tiss. Res
222
, 445
–457
Lamoureux
P.
, Buxbaum
R.E.
, Heidemann
S.R.
) (1989
). Direct evidence that growth cones pull.
Nature
340
, 159
–162
Lamoureux
P.
, Steel
V.L.
, Regal
C.
, Adgate
L.
, Buxbaum
R.E.
, Heidemann
S.R.
) (1990
). Extracellular matrix allows PC12 neurite elongation in the absence of microtubules.
J. Cell Biol
110
, 71
–79
Lazarides
E.
(1976
). Actin,-actinin, and tropomyosin interactions in the structural organization of actin filaments in nonmuscle cells.
J. Cell Biol
68
, 202
–219
Lazarides
E.
(1980
). Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space.
Nature
283
, 249
–256
Lehto
V.-P.
, Virtanen
I.
, Kurki
P.
(1978
). Intermediate filaments anchor the nuclei in nuclear monolayers of cultured human fibroblasts.
Nature
272
, 175
–177
Lin
J.-C.
, Feramisco
J.R.
) (1981
). Disruption of the in vivo distribution of intermediate filaments in fibroblasts through the microinjection of a specific monoclonal antibody.
Cell
24
, 185
–193
Lotz
M.M.
, Burdsal
C.A.
, Erickson
H.P.
, McClay
D.R.
) (1989
). Cell adhesion to fibronectin and tenascin: quantitative measurements of initial binding and subsequent strengthening response.
J. Cell Biol
109
, 1795
–1805
Madreperla
S.A.
, Adler
R.
(1989
). Opposing microtubule-and actin-dependent forces in the development and maintenance of structural polarity in retinal photoreceptors.
Dev. Biol
131
, 149
–160
Middleton
C.A.
, Brown
A.F.
, Brown
R.M.
, Roberts
D.J.H.
(1988
). The shape of cultured epithelial cells does not depend on the integrity of their microtubules.
J. Cell Sci
91
, 337
–345
Mitchison
T.
, Kirschner
M.
(1984
). Dynamic instability of microtubule growth.
Nature
312
, 237
–242
Mizushima-Sugano
J.
, Maeda
T.
, Miki-Noumura
T.
(1983
). Flexural rigidity of singlet microtubules estimated from statistical analysis of their contour lengths and end-to-end distances.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
755
, 257
–262
Mogensen
M.M.
, Tucker
J.B.
) (1988
). Intermicrotubular actin filaments in the transalar cytoskeletal arrays of Drosophila.
J. Cell Sci
91
, 431
–438
Mooney
D.J.
, Langer
R.
, Ingber
D.E.
) (1991
). Intracellular tubulin monomer levels are controlled by varying cell-extracellular matrix contacts.
J. Cell Biol
115
, 38
–.Moser
G.C.
, Fallon
R.J.
, Meiss
H.K.
) (1981
). Fluorometric measurements and chromatin condensation patterns of nuclei from 3T3 cells throughout G1.
J. Cell. Physiol
106
, 293
–301
Nagai
R.
, Yoshimoto
Y.
, Kamiya
N.
(1978
). Cyclic production of tension force in the plasmodial strand of Physarum polycephalum and its relation to microfilament morphology.
J. Cell Sci
33
, 205
–225
Nakayasu
H.
, Berezney
R.
(1991
). Nuclear matrins: identification of the major nuclear matrix proteins.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
88
, 10312
–10316
Nickerson
J.A.
, Krochmalnic
G.
, Wan
K.M.
, Penman
S.
(1989
). Chromatin architecture and nuclear RNA.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
86
, 177
–181
Nicolini
C.
(1985
). Nuclear structure: from the pores to the high-order gene structure.
Cell Biophys
7
, 67
–87
Nicolini
C.
, Belmont
A.S.
, Martelli
A.
(1986
). Critical nuclear DNA size and distribution associated with S phase initiation.
Cell Biophys
8
, 103
–117
Opas
M.
(1989
). Expression of the differentiated phenotype by epithelial cells in vitro is regulated by both biochemistry and mechanics of the substratum.
Dev. Biol
131
, 281
–293
Osborn
M.
, Born
T.
, Koitsch
H.-J.
, Weber
K.
(1978
). Stereo immunofluorescence Microscopy: I. Three-dimensional arrangment of microfilaments, microtubules, and tonofilaments.
Cell
14
, 477
–488
Osborn
M.
, Weber
K.
(1977
). The detergent-resistant cytoskeleton oftissue culture cells includes the nucleus and the microfilament bundles.
Exp. Cell Res
106
, 339
–349
Petersen
N.O.
, McConnaughey
W.B.
, Elson
E.L.
) (1982
). Dependence of locally measured cellular deformability on position on the cell, temperature, and cytochalasin B.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
79
, 5327
–5331
Pienta
K.J.
, Getzenberg
R.H.
, Coffey
D.S.
) (1991
). Cell Structure and DNA Organization.
Crit. Rev. Eukaryotic Gene Express
1
, 355
–385
Pienta
K.J.
, Partin
A.W.
, Coffey
D.S.
) (1989
). Cancer as a disease of DNA organization and dynamic cell structure.
Cancer Res
49
, 2525
–2532
Pienta
K.J.
, Coffey
D.S.
) (1991
). Cellular harmonic information transfer through a tissue tensegrity-matrix system.
Med. Hypoth
34
, 88
–95
Pienta
K.J.
, Coffey
D.S.
) (1992
). Nucleo-cytoskeletal interactions: evidence for physical connections between the nucleus and cell periphery and their alteration by transformation.
J. Cell. Biochem
49
, 357
–365
Rathke
P.C.
, Osborn
M.
, Weber
K.
(1979
). Immunological and ultrastructural characterization of microfilament bundles; polygonal nets and stress fibers in an established cell line.
Eur. J. Cell Biol
19
, 40
–48
Revel
J.P.
, Hoch
P.
, Ho
D.
(1974
). Adhesion of culture cells to their substratum.
Exp. Cell Res
84
, 207
–218
Rogers
K.A.
, McKee
N.H.
, Kalnins
V.I.
) (1985
). Preferential orientation of centrioles toward the heart in endothelial cells of major blood vessels is reestablished after reversal of a segment.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
82
, 3272
–3276
Ryan
T.J.
(1989
). Biochemical consequences of mechanical forces generated by distention and distortion.
J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol
21
, 115
–130
Schliwa
M.
(1982
). Action of cytochalasin D on cytoskeletal networks.
J. Cell Biol
92
, 79
–91
Schliwa
M.
, Van Blerkom
J.
(1981
). Structural interaction of cytoskeletal components.
J. Cell Biol
90
, 221
–235
Sims
J.R.
, Karp
S.
, Ingber
D.E.
) (1992
). Altering the cellular mechanical force balance results in integrated changes in cell, cytoskeletal, and nuclear shape.
J. Cell Sci
103
, 1215
–1222
Smith
S.J.
(1988
). Neuronal cytomechanics: the actin-based motility of growth cones.
Science
242
, 708
–715
Solomon
F.
, Magendantz
M.
(1981
). Cytochalasin separates microtubule disassembly from loss of asymmetric morphology.
J. Cell Biol
89
, 157
–161
Stamenovic
D.
(1990
). Micromechanical foundations of pulmonary elasticity.
Physiol. Rev.
70
, 1117
–1140
Stossel
T.P.
(1989
). From signal to pseudopod.
J. Biol. Chem
264
, 18621
–18264
Tilney
L.G.
, Kallenbach
N.
(1979
). Polymerization of actin. VI. The polarity of the actin filaments in the acrosomal process and how it might be determined.
J. Cell Biol
81
, 608
–623
Tomasek
J.J.
, Hay
E.D.
) (1984
). Analysis of the role of microfilaments and microtubules in acquisition of bipolarity and elongation of fibroblasts in hydrated collagen gels.
J. Cell Biol
99
, 536
–549
Torpey
N.
, Wylie
C.C.
, Heasman
J.
(1992
). Function of maternal cytokeratin in Xenopus development.
Nature
357
, 413
–415
Travis
J.L.
, Bowser
S.S.
(1986
). A new model of reticulopodial motility and shape: evidence for a microtubule-based motor and actin skeleton.
Cell Motil. Cytoskel
6
, 2
–14
Trinkaus
J.
(1985
). Protrusive activity of the cell surface and the initiation of cell movement during morphogenesis.
Exp. Biol. Med
10
, 130
–173
Wang
E.
, Cross
R.K.
, Choppin
P.W.
) (1979
). Involvement ofD.E.Ingber627Cellular tensegritymicrotubules and 10-nm filaments in the movement and positioning of nuclei in syncytia.
J. Cell Biol
83
, 320
–337
Wang
N.
, Butler
J.P.
, Ingber
D.E.
(1992
). Integrin1 transmits mechanical forces across the cell surface and to the cytoskeleton. Mol. Biol.
Cell
3
, 232
–.Wellings
J.V.
, Tucker
J.B.
) (1979
). Changes in microtubule packing during the stretching of an extensible microtubule bundle in the ciliate Nassula.
Cell Tiss. Res
197
, 313
–323
Wolosewick
J.J.
, Porter
K.R.
) (1979
). Microtrabecular lattice of thecytoplasmic ground substance. Artifact or reality.
J. Cell Biol
82
, 114
–139
Wong
A.J.
, Pollard
T.D.
, Herman
I.M.
) (1983
). Actin filament stress fibers in vascular endothelium in vivo.
Science
219
, 867
–869
Yahara
I.
, Edelman
G.M.
) (1975
). Modulation of lymphocyte receptor mobility by locally bound concanavalin A.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
87
, 16
–20
Yen
A.
, Pardee
A.B.
) (1979
). Role of nuclear size in cell growth initiation.
Science
204
, 1315
–1317
This content is only available via PDF.
© 1992 by Company of Biologists
1992
