To what extent should peer review be a requirement for publication in Disease Models & Mechanisms (DMM)? Last year, at a meeting of the Board of Directors of The Company of Biologists, this provocative question was raised in the context of an informal discussion about preprint servers, which enable authors to distribute their work prior to peer review. My immediate reaction was that of course we need peer review! But the question has stayed with me and challenged me to understand and articulate exactly how peer review serves authors and readers at DMM, and how we can improve this process.
In recent years, preprint servers have emerged as a mechanism for authors to disseminate their own work directly, without a journal publisher. This can be especially beneficial for work funded by charities and the taxpayer, and for early-career researchers and researchers in low- and middle-income countries, because distribution is immediate, free and not defined by the scope of specific journals or publishers (Sarabipour et al., 2019; as described in an article for University World News by Maina Waruru). Rather than formal peer review, readers can directly comment on the interpretation of the data or analysis, and the authors can choose whether or how to respond. In a recent study, it was reported that 7.3% of preprints in bioRxiv and medRxiv from 2020 had some form of comments and that these were similar to the quality of comments in peer review (Carneiro et al., 2023). Preprint servers, including region-specific servers such as AfricArXiv, can help provide visibility for research from low- and middle-income countries, which might struggle with discoverability and the costs of research publishing (article for University World News by Maina Waruru). However, the sharing of data prior to peer review is not without risk, and there can be a direct harm to the field and to the public when low-quality, flawed or even fraudulent studies are posted on preprint servers, as, for example, during the COVID-19 pandemic (Gopalakrishna, 2021). One solution to this is Review Commons, which provides authors with a refereed preprint that can be posted to bioRxiv, as well as the facilitated transfer of the manuscript and reviews to affiliated journals, including DMM and some of its sister journals.
So, as an independent not-for-profit publisher within a highly competitive landscape, what service do we provide authors when they choose to publish their papers with us? Does peer review provide a necessary part of the scientific process or an unnecessary speedbump to dissemination? Might the new eLife model, which enables authors to choose which, if any revisions they perform, be preferred for our editors and authors? I took these questions to the annual DMM Editor meeting in London this past October.
First, we discussed our experience with peer review. As academic editors at DMM and practicing scientists whose own work undergoes scrutiny, our discussion was shaped by our dual perspective. We have found that, since the pandemic, academics are finding an increase in their workload, and it can take longer to secure appropriate reviewers. At DMM, we aim for three reviewers for each article, but if we have two reviewers who can sufficiently cover the experimental range of the work, we can move forward. We are also noticing that, again since the pandemic, reviewers need more time to complete reviews, and we are generally happy to accommodate this and try to keep the authors informed. This stage is the longest in the process, and we are mindful that although authors are anxious to receive the reviews as soon as possible, the reviewers are good-will volunteers (Aczel et al., 2021). To address concerns about publishing times, The Company of Biologists is discussing innovative publishing models that include rapid review and compensating reviewers. Some of the ways we support and incentivise reviewers at The Company of Biologists' journals are outlined in Box 1. From our surveys and feedback, we know that reviewers are motivated by reviewing for a journal published by a not-for-profit company that invests in science and the scientific community (through our funding of, for example, Travelling Fellowships, the Fund for Innovation in Sustainable Conferencing, Meeting Grants and Workshops).
Cross-referee commenting
DMM operates cross-referee commenting, wherein we invite referees to comment on the other referee reports prior to editorial decision. The aim of this cross-referee commenting step is to help resolve differences between referees, identify unnecessary or unreasonable requests, or, conversely, highlight valid concerns raised by one referee but overlooked by others.
Acknowledging our reviewers
A small gesture perhaps, but each year DMM publishes a list of its peer reviewers (and co-reviewers) from the past year.
Partnership with Web of Science Reviewer Recognition Service
DMM's partnership with Web of Science Reviewer Recognition Service (formerly known as Publons) allows reviewers to easily track and verify every review by choosing to add the review to their Publons profile when completing the review submission form.
The Forest of Biologists
To acknowledge our reviewers, who help preserve the integrity of the scientific record, we fund the restoration and preservation of ancient woodland within Great Knott Wood in the Lake District National Park, UK. Each time a peer reviewer completes the review process for one of our articles, we dedicate a tree in the ancient woodland to them. Representations of these trees are added to our virtual forest periodically. There will be no association with specific articles to ensure that peer reviewers retain their anonymity. Hear from publisher Claire Moulton and read the Editorial to find out more about The Forest of Biologists.
Generally, we agreed that reviewers submitted thoughtful, thorough and considerate critiques of the paper and that, overall, we felt that the revision process improved the scientific rigour and clarity of DMM papers. There is no doubt that it can be an imperfect process, and sometimes the reviewer doesn't get it right, or takes an unnecessarily negative or superficial view. In these cases, it is the role of the editor to communicate to the authors which aspects of the reviews to address and focus their efforts on for revision. At DMM, the Editors and in-house editorial team regularly discuss issues relating to peer review of individual manuscripts to assist in our decision making. And, of course, the authors themselves can respond to the reviewer and explain why some revisions may be helpful, whereas others do not advance the conclusions of the research.
We understand that the peer review process can be subject to bias, including gender, ethnicity, career stage and geography (Caplar et al., 2017; Harris et al., 2017a,b; Helmer et al., 2017; Holst et al., 2022; Smith, 2006; Squazzoni et al., 2021). DMM aims to engage a broad and diverse group of authors, reviewers, Editors, editorial staff, Editorial Board members and readers. The Company of Biologists was a founding signatory of a cross-publisher joint commitment for action on inclusion and diversity in publishing, which is working towards ensuring that we reflect the diversity of the community in our publishing activities, for example, by enabling diversity data to be self-reported by our reviewers and authors. In addition, DMM follows Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines for ethical peer review and strives to be aware of and open to new developments and experiments. For example, DMM has recently outlined new policies regarding the use of artificial intelligence in peer review. See Box 2 for some of the new initiatives we are taking at The Company of Biologists regarding peer review.
Transparent peer review
Authors who submit to DMM's sister journals Development and Journal of Cell Science can opt to publish ‘peer review history’ files alongside published manuscripts. These include decision letters, referee reports and author point-by-point responses, along with a timeline of the submission and revision process, and the name of the Handling Editor. At this time, these do not include the reviewer names. Confidential comments to the Editor will remain confidential (although we encourage referees to use these only under exceptional circumstances and would prefer all information to be included in the report to the authors), as will comments made through the cross-referee commenting process.
Peer review badge
New badges will indicate that papers have undergone rigorous peer review at DMM. We hope that these will be a marker of esteem for authors, and of assurance for readers. This marker is encouraged as good publishing practice to distinguish papers from non-peer-reviewed preprints and is particularly important when communicating science to the public.
ORCID
Integration with ORCID will allow reviewers to automatically record their reviewer record with their ORCID account, giving credit where it is due. The profile can then be used in job, visa and grant applications, complete with journal-verified review activities.
One aspect of peer review at DMM that we found very helpful is the cross-referee commenting system that provides a 48-h window for reviewers to comment on each other's reports before an editorial decision is made. Often, having read the other reports, the reviewers will refine their reviews, or even comment where they think other reviewers have misunderstood an experiment or have asked for work beyond the scope of the submission. These comments are incredibly helpful to us editors, as they enable us to distinguish between revisions that truly advance the discoveries in the paper and those that are ‘nice to have’. We can then direct the authors' efforts towards the important revisions.
A flavour of some thoughts about peer review among DMM Editors is given in Box 3. Two topics that are part of ongoing discussion centre around the balance of how much of the review process is accessible to the reader. Two of DMM's sister journals, Development and Journal of Cell Science, operate transparent peer review, which provides the reader with access to the decision letters, referee reports and author point-by-point responses, along with a timeline of the submission and revision process, and the name of the Handling Editor (but not reviewer names) (Holst et al., 2022). Adopting the same approach, to which authors opt in, is still being discussed among the DMM Editor team, with some Editors concerned about exactly how much of the otherwise confidential discussions between authors, reviewers and editors is revealed upon publication. Another area concerns revealing reviewer identity. Although reviewers can sign their names to their review, generally, DMM reviewers are anonymous to the authors and to each other. Some Editors feel that revealing reviewer identity can hold back reviewers from expressing their true opinion about the manuscript to avoid conflict between reviewers, and that it may set up obligations (perceived or otherwise) between authors and reviewers, or even among the reviewers themselves. Others feel that revealing reviewer identity is an important aspect of transparency and allows the authors (and possibly readers, in the case of transparent peer review) to understand the level and area of expertise of the reviewer.
As an editor, I always learn something new from peer review. I really enjoy seeing people engage with new scientific results, evaluate the science critically, in the best sense of that word, and help improve the manuscript.
I intentionally include a mixture of scientific perspectives, geography and gender balance when inviting reviewers.
For me, I see the most important task of the editor as striking the right balance of neutral arbiter, versus ‘managing’ the peer review process. Meaning that I am cautious about intervening between reviewer and author, or overruling a reviewer's requests. At the same time, this is absolutely necessary and appropriate in some cases, especially when it comes to deciding what is ‘reasonable’ to request for author revisions.
If the importance of anonymous, high-quality peer review is not recognised as requisite for high-quality publications, then trust in the dissemination of scientific findings will be eroded. Already we see the development of a fractured system where it is not clear to all which journals adhere to strong peer review principles and which do not.
Securing reviewers can be difficult as PIs [principal investigators] have many competing demands. A PI working with an ECR [early-career researcher] to review a manuscript should enable PIs to accept invitations more readily, as the effort in reviewing is reduced and the ECR gains essential experience. [Note: DMM encourages this, as long as there is a genuine mentoring experience, and provides a box to record the co-reviewer name.]
Quality in peer review requires anonymity, fairness and communication.
To contribute to diversity in peer review, editorial boards need to be replenished with individuals from diverse backgrounds and geographical locations.
Peer review can be better rewarded by providing a system wherein reviewers are charged less to publish their manuscript in the journal.
The review content should be balanced with plusses and negatives, with the negatives couched in an instructional way for how to change the content for the better.
Peer review is an opportunity to demonstrate what good quality peer review is, and also to educate your mentees and to invite them to be part of the process. This is, after all, really the only way we can perpetuate good peer review into the future.
There is a perceived lack of diversity or ‘gatekeeping’ inherent in a seemingly elite publishing model. There are a number of things we should work on to encourage diversity in peer review: improving analysis of demographic data and having a clear diversity statement are a start.
We are observing with concern the for-profit Open Access mega journals, which charge a set fee, earn large profits and offer rapid publication, some with a median submission-to-acceptance time within 37 days (Brainard, 2023). Although we firmly believe that diversity in publishing models is best for the scientific community, we are sceptical that many of these journals can provide meaningful peer review at scale. Rigorous peer review is also a critical weapon in the fight against the rise of fraudulent papers generated by ‘paper mills’ (Hackett and Kelly, 2020). Even more concerning, a recent investigation reported in Science shows that paper mills have gone beyond churning out fake papers, and have even infiltrated the publishing process though bribing editors and becoming publishers themselves (Joelving and Retraction, 2024). These practices are eroding trust in specific journals and publishers, with clear impact: over 10,000 papers were retracted in 2023, largely due to concerns about the integrity of the peer review process at Hindawi, a subsidiary of Wiley (Van Noorden, 2023), and 19 Hindawi journals and two MDPI titles were delisted from Web of Science (and ‘lost’ their impact factor) last year (Brainard, 2023). The recently established international group United2Act Against Paper Mills is working with publishers, funders, research bodies and other stakeholders (including Clarivate, the analytics company that runs the Web of Science Master Journal List and calculates the impact factor) and has developed a consensus statement with working groups to address five specific actions to address this problem (https://united2act.org/) (Sanderson, 2024).
One issue that inspires only agreement amongst DMM Editors is the importance of peer review as a marker of quality assurance. In addition, as James Briscoe, Editor-in-Chief of Development, noted, ‘as we all write papers in the knowledge that they will go through peer review, we anticipate criticisms and weaknesses, and in this way, peer review has already influenced studies when they first appear as preprints.’ This professional peer pressure for critical thinking prior to submission to a journal or preprint server improves scientific rigor, and has also been reported to help reduce scientific misconduct (Gopalakrishna, 2021).
Published works at DMM and The Company of Biologists serve as a reliable and permanent record for both the scientific community and the public, which is subsequently built upon for future discovery. We are proud of our peer review at DMM and want readers to know that DMM articles are peer reviewed. To demonstrate this, we are developing a new initiative to have a ‘peer review’ badge, as well as giving the Editor's name, as additional markers of quality beyond the usual metrics of impact and usage. As publishing and peer review continue to evolve, we welcome feedback from authors and reviewers at any time, and authors are sent a survey to complete at time of acceptance or rejection. We aim to continue to be a trusted home for and source of rigorous science.
It is a privilege to handle papers and engage with reviewers at DMM. As DMM Editors, we know how much time peer review and revisions take for both the reviewers and the authors (Aczel et al., 2021). At the start of every year, we thank the reviewers who dedicate their time to contributing thoughtful feedback that truly advances the science and how it is communicated. The names of our 2023 reviewers, including their co-reviewers, are listed in Box 4. We also thank the reviewers of articles transferred to DMM from Review Commons.
Amos Abolaji, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
John Abrams, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
Helen Abud, Monash University, Australia
Brian Ackley, University of Kansas, USA
Andrew Advani, St. Michael's Hospital, Canada
Johannes Aerts, Leiden University, the Netherlands
Imran Ahmad, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, UK
Karen J. Aitken, SickKids Research Institute, Canada
Dimuthu Alankarage, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Australia
Matthew Alexander, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Almundher Al-Maawali, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
Ahlam Alqahtani, Newcastle University, UK
James Alspaugh, Duke University School of Medicine, USA
James Amatruda, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA
Enrique Amaya, University of Manchester, UK
Corina Anastasaki, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
Jimena Andersen, Emory University, USA
Adrienne Antonson, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
Jose Aponte, University of Calgary, Canada
Paul Armstrong, University of Leeds, UK
Duchon Arnaud, CNRS, France
Ana Arroba, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, Spain
Sophie Astrof, Rutgers University, USA
Georg Auburger, University Hospital, Germany
Xiaowen Bai, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
Xiaofei Bai, National Institutes of Health, USA
Sabine Bailly, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, France
Joe Baio, Oregon State University, USA
Adam Bajgar, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
Jeroen Bakkers, Hubrecht institute, the Netherlands
Volodymyr Balatskyi, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Poland
Darius Balciunas, Temple University, USA
Rubika Balendra, The Francis Crick Institute, UK
Kathryn Ball, University of Edinburgh, UK
Keir Balla, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, USA
Erdem Bangi, Florida State University, USA
Scott Baraban, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Andrea Barbuti, University of Milan, Italy
Sami Barmada, University of Michigan, USA
William Barrell, King's College London, UK
Victoria Baxter, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, USA
Bilal Bayazit, Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA
Paola Bellosta, University of Trento, Italy
Anat Ben-Zvi, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Simon Berger, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Jason Berman, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute/University of Ottawa, Canada
Ambre Bertholet, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Annabel Berthon, Institut Cochin, France
Cristiano Bertolucci, University of Ferrara, Italy
John Bertram, Monash University, Australia
Sumitha Bharathan, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA
Thomas Bird, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, UK
Judith Birkhoff, Helmholtz Munich, Germany
Lionel Blanc, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, USA
Ira Blitz, University of California, Irvine, USA
Robert Bloch, University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
Karen Blyth, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, UK
Rolf Bodmer, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, USA
Teresa Bonello, Australian National University, Australia
Eliette Bonnefoy, CNRS, France
Laura Borodinsky, University of California, Davis, USA
Christian Bosselmann, Cleveland Clinic, USA
Luke Boulter, MRC Human Genetics Unit, UK
Chiara Braconi, University of Glasgow, UK
Valerie Brunton, University of Edinburgh, UK
Joseph Brzezinski, University of Colorado, USA
Carol Bult, The Jackson Laboratory, USA
Elisabeth Busch-Nentwich, Queen Mary University of London, UK
Jeffrey Bush, University of California, San Franciso, USA
Ross Cagan, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
Kirsteen Campbell, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, UK
Daniel Canarutto, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Italy
Colette Cann, University of San Francisco, USA
Cathrin Canto, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, the Netherlands
Valeria Capra, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Italy
Alastair Cardno, University of Leeds, UK
Andrew Carpenter, Oregon State University, USA
Tamara Caspary, Emory University, USA
Pau Castel, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
Deborah Caswell, The Francis Crick Institute, UK
Stephen Cederbaum, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Silvia Cereghini, Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, France
Mohamed Chahine, Laval University and Cervo Brain Research Centre, Canada
Karen Chang, University of Southern California, USA
Hsiao-Tuan Chao, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
Ching-Hsien Chen, University of California, Davis, USA
Huaiyong Chen, Tianjin University, China
Chung-Ming Chen, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
Holly Chen, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Tiantian Chen, University of Florida, USA
Keith Cheng, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, USA
Philippe Chevalier, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
Brandon Choo, Northeastern University, USA
Wilson Chung, Kent State University, USA
David Church, University of Oxford, UK
Peter Claus, SMATHERIA GmbH, Germany
Martyn Cobourne, King's College London, UK
Robert Coffey, Vanderbilt University, USA
Julien Colombani, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Matthieu Colpaert, University of Florida, USA
Benjamin Combs, Michigan State University, USA
Simon Conway, Indiana University, USA
Andrew Copp, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UK
Marianna Cosentino, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
James Cray, Ohio State University, USA
Mark Cronan, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Germany
Cristiana Cruceanu, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
Christine Curcio, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, USA
Rodney Dale, Loyola University Chicago, USA
Tatyana Danyukova, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
Ben Davies, The Francis Crick Institute, UK
José de la Pompa, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Spain
Sofia de Oliveira, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
Boel De Paepe, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
Gonzalo del Monte Nieto, Monash University, Australia
Isabel Del Pino, Instituto Neurociencias Alicante, Spain
Jeroen den Hertog, Hubrecht Institute, the Netherlands
Nicolas Denans, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
Qing Deng, Purdue University, USA
Marta Derecka, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
Julianna Determan, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
Pieterjan Dierickx, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Germany
Filomena Digilio, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, UOS Naples-CNR, Italy
Santosh D'Mello, Louisiana State University Shreveport, USA
Leonard Dobens, University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA
Karamjit Singh Dolt, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
Wolfgang Driever, University of Freiburg, Germany
Carrie Duckworth, University of Liverpool, UK
Philip Dunne, Queen's University Belfast, UK
Agnieszka Dyrda, University of Western Australia, Australia
James Edgar, University of Cambridge, UK
David Eisenstat, University of Alberta, Canada
Masato Enomoto, Kyoto University, Japan
James Ervasti, University of Minnesota, USA
Charlotte Esser, IUF Duesseldorf, Germany
Jeffrey Essner, Iowa State University, USA
Carlos Estella, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - CSIC/UAM, Spain
Diane Fatkin, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Australia
Annette Feigenbaum, University of California, San Diego, USA
Sarah-Maria Fendt, KU Leuven, Belgium
Yi Feng, University of Edinburgh, UK
Hui Feng, Boston University, USA
Samuele Ferrari, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
Carlos Ferreira, National Institutes of Health, USA
Maciej Figiel, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Anthony Firulli, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
Dustin Flanagan, Monash University, Australia
Bernd Fleischmann, University of Bonn, Germany
Heidi Fuller, Keele University, UK
David Furness, Keele University, UK
Gabriel Galea, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UK
Rene Galindo, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
Daniel Garry, University of Minnesota, USA
Anthony Gavalas, German Center for Diabetes Research/Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Germany
Wanzhong Ge, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
Matthew Gentry, University of Florida, USA
Maurizio Giustetto, University of Turin, Italy
Jaya Gnana-Prakasam, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, USA
Annie Godwin, University of Portsmouth, UK
Rocco Gogliotti, Loyola University Chicago, USA
Andy Golden, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health, USA
James Goldenring, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
Mary Goll, University of Georgia, USA
Catia Gomes, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
Marcus Goncalves, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA
Anai Gonzalez Cordero, Children's Medical Research Institute, Australia
Todd Graham, Vanderbilt University, USA
Stephanie Grainger, Van Andel Institute, USA
Rebecca Green, University of Pittsburgh, USA
Jeremy Green, King's College London, UK
Christopher Gregory, University of Edinburgh, UK
William Grey, University of York, UK
Obi Griffith, Washington University, USA
Brock Grill, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
Rosellina Guarascio, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, UK
Sara Guerreiro, University of Minho, Portugal
Rachel Guest, University of Edinburgh, UK
Liubov Gushchina, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA
Melanie Haffner-Luntzer, University Medical Centre Ulm, Germany
Alex Hajnal, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Martina Hallegger, The Francis Crick Institute and University College London, UK
Ada Hamosh, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Natasha Hanners, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
Jens Hansen, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
Ross Hardison, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
Hanaa Hariri, Wayne State University, USA
Richard Harland, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Matthew Harris, Harvard Medical School, USA
John Hartman, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Christine Hartmann, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Germany
Tiffany Heanue, The Francis Crick Institute, UK
Christopher Heier, Children's National Hospital, USA
Matthew Hemming, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, USA
Deborah Henderson, Newcastle University, UK
Gretl Hendrickx, KU Leuven, Belgium
Luis Hernandez-Miranda, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
Catherine Hogan, Cardiff University, UK
Peter Hohenstein, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
Livia Hool, University of Western Australia, Australia
Peter Houweling, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia
Bo Hu, Army Medical University, China
Hu Huang, University of Missouri, USA
Kang-Cheih Huang, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
Saskia Hurst, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Germany
Colin Hutton, The Francis Crick Institute, UK
Robert Hynds, University College London, UK
Tatsushi Igaki, Kyoto University, Japan
Myron Ignatius, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
Akihiro Ikeda, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Gareth Inman, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, UK
Evgueni Ivakine, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
Junichi Iwata, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
Rene Jackstadt, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany
Tobias Janowitz, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA
Tatiana Jazedje, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Steve Jean, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
Matthew Jenny, University of Alabama, USA
Brigid Jensen, Jefferson University, USA
Loydie Jerome-Majewska, McGill University, Canada
Dongyu Jia, Kennesaw State University, USA
Yichang Jia, Tsinghua University, China
Rulang Jiang, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, USA
Erin Jimenez, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Yongfeng Jin, Zhejiang University, China
Katrine Johannesen, Department of Genetics, Denmark
Aaron Johnson, Washington University at St. Louis, USA
Colin Johnson, Oregon State University, USA
Cameron Johnstone, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Australia
Elizabeth Jones, Manchester University/St. Mary's Hospital, UK
Diana Juriloff, University of British Columbia, Canada
Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Monica Justice, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
Erika Kague, University of Edinburgh, UK
Michael Kahn, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, USA
Migle Kalvaityte, Vinius University, Italy
Stephen Kamuli, Yale School of Medicine, USA
Masato Kanemaki, National Institute of Genetics, Japan
Peter Kang, University of Minnesota, USA
Madhuri Kango-Singh, University of Dayton, USA
Phillip Karpowicz, University of Windsor, Canada
Fuyuki Karube, Hokkaido University, Japan
Ajith Karunarathne, Saint Louis University, USA
Douglas B. Kell, University of Liverpool, UK
Justin Kenney, Wayne State University, USA
Scott Kesteven, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Australia
Mireille Khacho, University of Ottawa, Canada
Kamran Khodakhah, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
Mustafa Khokha, Yale University, USA
Bernard Khor, Benaroya Research Institute, USA
Thomas Kidd, University of Nevada at Reno, USA
Kazu Kikuchi, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
Sang Hwa Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Junzo Kinoshita, Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Japan
Alfredo Kirkwood, Johns Hopkins University, USA
David Kirsch, Duke University, USA
Eric Klann, New York University, USA
Nikolai Klymiuk, Technical University of Munich, Germany
David Kohrman, University of Michigan, USA
Takefumi Kondo, RIKEN, Japan
Patryk Konieczny, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland
Maria Kontaridis, Masonic Medical Research Institute, USA
Robert Krauss, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
Swathy Krishna, The Ohio State University, USA
Jens Kroll, Heidelberg University, Germany
Etty Kruzel-Davila, Galilee Medical Center, Israel
Jakub Kubis, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland
Satu Kuure, University of Helsinki, Finland
Angela Laird, Macquarie University, Australia
Nicole Lake, Yale University, USA
Matthias Lambert, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
Madeline Lancaster, MRC Laboratory of Medical Biology, UK
Karen Lange, University College Dublin, Ireland
Valerie Le Sage, University of Pittsburgh, USA
Maria Ledesma-Colunga, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Seung Kyu Lee, National Institute on Aging, USA
Harry Leitch, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, UK
Monkol Lek, Yale University, USA
Holger Lerche, University of Tübingen, Germany
Jack Leslie, Newcastle University, UK
Cammie Lesser, Harvard University, USA
Yun Li, University of Toronto, Canada
Vivian Li, The Francis Crick Institute, UK
Zhe Li, Brigham and Women's Hospital, USA
Wei Li, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Chunliang Li, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
Joseph L. Liang, University of British Columbia, Canada
Heiko Lickert, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany
Graham Lieschke, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Australia
Hui Lim, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
Hongbing Liu, Tulane School of Medicine, USA
Alexander Ljubimov, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
Samantha Loh, University of Cambridge, UK
Hannah Long, University of Edinburgh, UK
Katie Long, King's College London, UK
Guillermo Lopez-Domenech, University College London, UK
Li Ma, University of Southern California, USA
Laura Machesky, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, UK
Patricia Maciel, University of Minho, Portugal
Kenneth Maclean, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
Bilal Malik, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UK
Valeria Manara, University of Trento, Italy
Roope Mannikko, University College London, UK
M. Manzini, Rutgers University, USA
Mao Mao, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Ulrika Marklund, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
René Marsano, University of Bari, Italy
David Martinez, Yale School of Medicine, USA
Narcisa Martinez-Quiles, Complutense University, Spain
L. Miguel Martins, University of Cambridge, UK
Marco Massimo, King's College London, UK
Denis Matignon, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace, France
Lisa Maves, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
Margot Mayer-Proschel, University of Rochester, USA
Simon McDade, Queen's University Belfast, UK
Robert McDonald, University of Lethbridge, Canada
Colleen McDowell, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Jacqui McGovern, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Vedanta Mehta, University of Oxford, UK
Aswin Menke, TNO Triskelion Zeist, the Netherlands
Fjodor Merkuri, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
Germana Meroni, University of Trieste, Italy
Gretchen Meyer, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
Mohamad Mikati, Duke University, USA
Marja Mikkola, University of Helsinki, Finland
Rachel Miller, McGovern Medical School, USA
Crispin Miller, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, UK
Andrew Miller, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Richard Mills, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia
Brian Mitchell, Northwestern University, USA
Nadia Mitchell, Lincoln University, New Zealand
Cecilia Moens, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
Mervyn Monteiro, University of Maryland, USA
Sally Moody, George Washington University, USA
Ryuji Morizane, Harvard Medical School, USA
Enrico Moro, University of Padova, Italy
Christian Mosimann, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
Serge Mostowy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
Kevin Myant, University of Edinburgh, UK
Shigekazu Nagata, Osaka University, Japan
Aaron Nagiel, Children's Hospital Los Angeles/University of Southern California, USA
Saidas Nair, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Nawazish Naqvi, Emory University, USA
Salvatore Nesci, Università di Bologna, Italy
Sherylanne Newton, University College London, UK
Johan Neyts, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
Teresa Niccoli, University College London, UK
Clévio Nóbrega, University of Algarve, Portugal
Scott Nowak, Kennesaw State University, USA
Wendy Aquino Nunez, University of Kansas, USA
Eseiwi Obaseki, Wayne State University, USA
Lori O'Brien, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Natasha O'Brown, Harvard Medical School, USA
Marcin Osuchowski, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austria
Lisa Ott de Bruin, Leiden University, the Netherlands
Menno Oudhoff, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Raghu Padinjat, National Centre for Biological Sciences, India
John Parant, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Nuria Paricio, University of Valencia, Spain
Liz Patton, University of Edinburgh, UK
R. Payne, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
Nesibe Peker, University of Glasgow, UK
Caroline Pellet-Many, Royal Veterinary College, UK
María Jesús Perugorria, Universidad del País Vasco, Spain
Toby Phesse, Cardiff University, UK
Richard Piercy, Royal Veterinary College, UK
Shubhangi Pingle, Regional Occupational Health Center (S), National Institute of Occupational Health, India
Scott Plafker, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, USA
Steve Pollard, University of Edinburgh, UK
Enzo Porrello, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia
Tracey Porter, University of Notre Dame, France
David Pritchard, University of Liverpool, UK
Victor Puelles, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
Paul Quax, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
Roxana Radu, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Jill Rafael-Fortney, Ohio State College of Medicine, USA
Shreya Raghavan, Texas A&M University, USA
Catharine Rankin, University of British Columbia, Canada
John Rawls, Duke University School of Medicine, USA
Marina Reichlmeir, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
David Reiner, Texas A&M University, USA
Stephen Renshaw, University of Sheffield, UK
Bruno Reversade, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia
David Rice, University of Helsinki, Finland
Karine Rizzoti, The Francis Crick Institute, UK
Liz Robertson, University of Oxford, UK
Carla Robles-Espinoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
Aldo Roccaro, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy
Christian Rocheleau, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
Randall Roper, Indiana University Perdue University Indianapolis, USA
Jessica Rosati, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Italy
Emily Rosowski, Clemson University, USA
Ryan Ross, Rush University Medical Center, USA
Markus A. Rüegg, University of Basel, Switzerland
Avnika Ruparelia, University of Melbourne, Australia
Aimee Ryan, McGill University/Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
Kirsten Sadler Edepli, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Takuya Sakaguchi, Cleveland Clinic, USA
Beatriz Salvador, Cardiff University, UK
Federico Sanchez-Quinto, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico
Lisa Sandell, University of Louisville, USA
Veronika Sander, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Leslie Sanderson, Erasmus Medical Center, the Netherlands
Simone Sanna-Cherchi, Columbia University, USA
Hiroko Sano, Kurume University, Japan
Celine Santiago, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Australia
Pamela Santonicola, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources - CNR, Italy
Sumana Sanyal, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, UK
John-Demian (JD) Sauer, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Katharina Scheibner, Helmholtz Munich, Germany
Barbara Schneider, University of Texas at Arlington, USA
Ben Schumann, The Francis Crick Institute, UK
Jens Schwamborn, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
John Sedivy, Brown University, USA
Bhuvaneish Selvaraj, University of Edinburgh, UK
Henrik Semb, Helmholtz Zentrum, Germany
Chantelle Sephton, Laval University, Canada
Eduardo Sequerra, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Ji Shanming, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Strasbourg, France
Jordan Shavit, University of Michigan, USA
Hongying Shen, Yale University, USA
Celia Shiau, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Yuji Shiba, Shinshu University, Japan
Chris Sibley, University of Edinburgh, UK
Roy Sillitoe, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
Rafael Simo, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Spain
Marcos Simoes-Costa, Cornell University, USA
Avneesh Singh, University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
Tulika Singh, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Hazel Sive, Northeastern University, USA
Karl Skorecki, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Ilya Skovorodkin, University of Oulu, Finland
Andrzej Slominski, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Kelly Smith, University of Melbourne, Australia
Nuri Smith, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, USA
Ian Smyth, Monash University, Australia
Juhoon So, University of Pittsburgh, USA
Charlotte Softley, University Clinic Freiburg, Germany
Masahiro Sonoshita, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
Tomokazu Souma, Duke University, USA
André Sousa, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Jason Spence, University of Michigan, USA
Erin Spiller, Heidelberg University, Germany
Knut Stieger, University of Giessen, Germany
Rolf Stottmann, Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA
Helen Strutt, University of Sheffield, UK
Tin Tin Su, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA
Yang Sun, Stanford University, USA
Hoon-Ki Sung, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
Amanda Swain, Institute of Cancer Research, UK
Kathleen Sweadner, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
Sean Sweeney, University of York, UK
Trevor Sweeney, The Pirbright Institute, UK
Francis Szele, University of Oxford, UK
Doaa Taha, The Francis Crick Institute, UK
Krisztina Takacs-Vellai, Eotvos Lorand University, Hungary
Ken Takahashi, Okayama University, Japan
Shin'ichi Takeda, National Institute of Neuroscience, Japan
Jared Talbot, University of Maine, USA
Owen Tamplin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Ryota Tamura, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
Mithila Tennakoon, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
Chenglei Tian, Helmholtz Munich, Germany
Randal Tibbetts, University of Wisconsin, USA
Luca Tiberi, University of Trento, Italy
Malte Tiburcy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
Paul Timpson, The Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Australia
Jaafar Tindi, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
Jacques Togo, SickKids Research Institute, Canada
Kristy Townsend, The Ohio State University, USA
Hanh Truong, Memorial Hermann, USA
Suzanne Turner, University of Cambridge, UK
Nigel Turner, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Australia
Aaron Tward, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Steve Twigg, Oxford University, UK
Victor Tybulewicz, The Francis Crick Institute, UK
Prech Uapinyoying, National Institutes of Health, USA
Cyrille Vaillend, Paris-Saclay Neuroscience Institute, France
Seppo Vainio, Kvantum Institute, Finland
Ainara Vallejo, Instituto Biodonostia, Spain
Bas van Balkom, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
Jolanda van Hengel, Ghent Univerisity, Belgium
Sjoerd van Wijk, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
Caroline Vance, Kings College London, UK
Johan Vande Voorde, University of Glasgow, UK
Jamie Vandenberg, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Australia
Jessica Vanslambrouck, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia
Javier Vaquero, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Spain
Neil Vargesson, University of Aberdeen, UK
Elena Vasileva, University of Southern California, USA
Maria Vera, McGill University, Canada
Esther Verheyen, Simon Fraser University, Canada
Alwin Verschueren, IMEC, the Netherlands
Tatyana Vetter, Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA
Mathilakath Vijayan, University of Calgary, Canada
Jeanette Villanueva, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Australia
Veronique Vitart, University of Edinburgh, UK
Jacy Wagnon, Ohio State University, USA
Peter Walentek, University Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
John Wallingford, University of Texas at Austin, USA
Chenhui Wang, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China
Weidong Wang, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, USA
Gordon Warren, Georgia State University, USA
Nicole Weaver, University of Notre Dame Graduate School, USA
Noah Weisleder, Ohio State University, USA
Dominic Wells, Royal Veterinary College, UK
Robert Wheeler, University of Maine, USA
Ann Wheeler, University of Edinburgh, UK
Richard White, University of Oxford, UK
Tanya Whitfield, University of Sheffield, UK
Trevor Williams, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
David Williams, Harvard University, USA
Katherine Wilson, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Rebecca Wingert, University of Notre Dame, USA
Annika Wylie, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA
Hui Xiong, Peking University First Hospital, China
Dongwei Xu, University College London, UK
Hongyuan Yang, University of New South Wales, Australia
Kai-Chun Yang, University of Washington, USA
Chi-Kuang Yao, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Tsutomu Yasukawa, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
Sa Kan Yoo, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Japan
H. Joseph Yost, University of Utah, USA
Y. Yu, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, USA
Jane Yu, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Australia
Kweon Yu, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Republic of Korea
Yizhou Yu, University of Cambridge, UK
Armella Zadoorian, University of New South Wales, Australia
Mayana Zatz, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Michael Zech, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
Jennifer Zhang, Duke University School of Medicine, USA
Tianyi Zhang, National Institutes of Health, USA
Marina Zimmermann, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
Irene Zohn, Children's National Health System, USA.
Acknowledgements
I thank all members of the DMM Editor team for ongoing useful discussion, and their dedication and expertise. I would like to thank Rachel Hackett, Kirsty Hooper, James Briscoe, Jim Amatruda, Sally Dunwoodie, Daniel Gorelick, Elaine Mardis, Claire Moulton, Karen Liu, David Tobin and Michael Way for thoughtful comments and contributions to this Editorial.