... neurons to mitochondrial defects. The nature of this defect is still unclear; however, three mechanisms are likely. First, it is possible that parkin functions in a trophic factor pathway that promotes cell survival, and in its absence cells become more susceptible to insults such as oxygen radicals...

... injected into cells of the early mouse embryo . J. Reprod. Fert . 88 , 375 – 381 . 10.1530/jrf.0.0880375 Minotti , G. and Aust , S. D. (1989). The role of iron in oxygen radical mediated lipid peroxidation . Chem. biol. Interactions 71 , 1 – 19 . 10.1016/0009-2797(89)90087-2...

... oxygen radicals reactive oxygen species The culture of preimplantation mammalian embryos from fertilization to the blastocyst stage has not been achieved for most species. In all species studied, evidence has been found for arrest of development at a specific cell stage, e.g. mouse 2-cell...