... of naturally occurring gene dosage differences and their compensation. In species with chromosome-based sex determination, individuals within the same population necessarily show ‘natural’ differences in gene dosage for the sex chromosomes. In this Review, we focus on the mammalian X chromosome and discuss...

... deacetylases and show that they differentially contribute to fertility. Single-cell, single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization reveals that in sin-3 mutants the X chromosome becomes re-expressed prematurely and in a stochastic manner in individual germ cells, suggesting a role for SIN-3 in its...

...Yuko Amakawa; Yuka Sakata; Yuko Hoki; Satoru Arata; Seiji Shioda; Tatsuo Fukagawa; Hiroyuki Sasaki; Takashi Sado The dosage difference of X-linked genes between the sexes in mammals is compensated for by genetic inactivation of one of the X chromosomes in XX females. A noncoding RNA transcribed...

... The authors declare no competing financial interests. © 2011. X chromosome X-inactivation hypothesis Epigenetics Xist X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) refers to the silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in females during early development, thus ensuring dosage compensation...

...Neil Brockdorff Fifty years ago, Mary Lyon hypothesised that one of the two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells is inactivated at random during early embryogenesis and that the inactive X is then stably maintained through all subsequent cell divisions. Although Lyon’s hypothesis is now widely...

... for these genes. Sex- and germline-regulated genes have a non-random distribution in the genome, with especially strong biases for and against the X chromosome. Comparison with data from large-scale RNAi screens demonstrates that genes expressed in the oogenic germline display visible phenotypes more frequently...

...Tamara L. Davis; Barbara J. Meyer ABSTRACT X chromosome expression in C. elegans is controlled by a chromosome-wide regulatory process called dosage compensation that specifically reduces by half the level of transcripts made from each hermaphrodite X chromosome. This process equalizes X expression...

...Axel Franke; Abby Dernburg; Greg J. Bashaw; Bruce S. Baker ABSTRACT In Drosophila equalization of the amounts of gene products produced by X-linked genes in the two sexes is achieved by hypertranscription of the single male X chromosome. This process, dosage compensation, is controlled by a set...

... on the autosomes. This may result from protection of the miniwhite gene from a negative autosomal chromatin environment. 20 07 1995 © 1995 by Company of Biologists 1995 Drosophila su(Hw) protein domain boundaries dosage compensation gene expression position-effects X chromosome mini...

...David R. Hsu; Pao-Tien Chuang; Barbara J. Meyer ABSTRACT DPY-30 is an essential component of the C. elegans dosage compensation machinery that reduces X chromosome transcript levels in hermaphrodites (XX). DPY-30 is required for the sex-specific association of DPY-27 (a chromosome condensation...

...Takashi Tada; Masako Tada; Nobuo Takagi ABSTRACT A cytogenetic and biochemical study of balloon-like cystic embryoid bodies, formed by newly established embryonic stem (ES) cell lines having a cytogenetically or genetically marked X chromosome, revealed that the paternally derived X chromosome...

... chromosome. Hence it has been possible to assess the effect of parental origin of the X on survival of females with a single X chromosome. A highly significant prenatal loss of females with a single X of paternal origin, but no comparable loss of females with a single X of maternal origin was observed...

...Marilyn Monk; Mark Grant ABSTRACT Non-random X-chromosome inactivation in mammals was one of the first observed examples of differential expression dependent on the gamete of origin of the genetic material. The paternally-inherited X chromosome is preferentially inactive in all cells of female...

...Jeff R. Mann; Robin H. Lovell-Badge ABSTRACT In certain extraembryonic tissues of normal female mouse conceptuses, X-chromosome-dosage compensation is achieved by preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X. Diploid parthenogenones have two maternally derived X chromosomes, hence...

... in which no Y-derived sequences have been found and the proximal pseudoautosomal region, inherited from the father, has been derived from the X chromosome ( Petit et al . 1987 ). These males cannot have been derived by an X-Y interchange and one explanation is a loss of function mutation in a responder...

...Jeff R. Mann; Robin H. Lovell-Badge ABSTRACT Diploid gynogenetic embryos, which have two sets of maternal and no paternal chromosomes, die at or soon after implantation. Since normal female embryos preferentially inactivate the paternally derived X chromosome in certain extraembryonic membranes...

... located on Yp. The phenotypic expression of TDF in the presence of two X chromosomes is a male habitus, dysgenetic scrotal testes and no ambiguity of the genitalia. Among those XX males who do not have Y-DNA detectable by presently used methods, some, but not all have ambiguity of the genitalia...

... but it is clear that there are multiple levels of variability both between and within individuals in this region of the genome. © 1987 by Company of Biologists 1987 telomeres X chromosome Y chromosome human The human sex chromosomes have been the subject of intensive genetic and molecular...

... restriction fragments. An abbreviated STS gene has been localized to Yqll.2. The coding sequences for the human enzyme shows little homology to sequences in mice. © 1987 by Company of Biologists 1987 steroid sulphatase X chromosome Y chromosome human pseudoautosomal gene The gene...