... Venation pattern The vascular system of plants consists of a network of continuous strands,the vascular bundles, which efficiently ensure long-distance transport of water and dissolved materials, and provide mechanical support(Esau, 1965a). Vascular bundles typically consist of the two kinds...

... leaves. However, several parallel veins of very similar thickness were evident in such leaves. The complexity of venation patterns in all leaf-like organs of as2 plants was reduced. The malformed veins were visible before the development of asymmetry of the leaf lamina and were maintained in mature as2...