... is governed by evolutionarily conserved Partitioning-defective (PAR) proteins that segregate to opposing cortical domains to specify asymmetric cell fates. Timely establishment of PAR domains requires a cell cycle kinase, Aurora A (AIR-1 in C. elegans ). Aurora A depletion by RNAi causes a spectrum...

... germline stem cells to regulate their proliferation and maintain fertility. Exocyst complex Germline stem cells Notch Intracellular trafficking Par proteins The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance IA/E/13/1/501 Regional Centre for Biotechnology Department...

... of the cortical actomyosin network, and breaks symmetry to direct partitioning of the PAR proteins. However, the molecular nature of the centrosomal signal that triggers cortical anisotropy in the actomyosin network to promote polarity establishment remains elusive. Here, we discover that depletion of Aurora...

...-3 function in parallel to restrict the kinase activity of the cell polarity regulator PAR-1 to the posterior cytoplasm of C. elegans zygotes. Polarity Kinase PAR proteins MEX-6 P granules PAR-3 National Institutes of Health 10.13039/100000002 R37HD037047 F32GM117814...

... no competing financial interests. 30 4 2013 4 9 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 Apical constriction Par proteins Actomyosin networks For animal development and tissue morphogenesis, cells must change shape. For example, the invagination...

...Jeremy Nance; Jennifer A. Zallen Cell polarity is essential for cells to divide asymmetrically, form spatially restricted subcellular structures and participate in three-dimensional multicellular organization. PAR proteins are conserved polarity regulators that function by generating cortical...

... asymmetrically distributes the highly conserved PDZ proteins PAR-3 and PAR-6, as well as an atypical protein kinase C (PKC-3), to the anterior. The RING-finger protein PAR-2 becomes enriched on the posterior cortex and prevents these three proteins from returning to the posterior. In addition to the PAR proteins...

...Yukinobu Arata; Jen-Yi Lee; Bob Goldstein; Hitoshi Sawa The axis of asymmetric cell division is controlled to determine the future position of differentiated cells during animal development. The asymmetric localization of PAR proteins in the Drosophila neuroblast and C. elegans embryo are aligned...

...Seth Zonies; Fumio Motegi; Yingsong Hao; Geraldine Seydoux Polarization of the C. elegans zygote is initiated by ECT-2-dependent cortical flows, which mobilize the anterior PAR proteins (PAR-3, PAR-6 and PKC-3) away from the future posterior end of the embryo marked by the sperm centrosome. Here...

... in amnioserosa cells is based on the repeated assembly and disassembly of apical actomyosin networks, with each assembly event driving constriction of the apical domain. As the networks assemble they translocate across the apical patch of PAR proteins, which persist at the apical domain. Through loss- and gain...

... provide evidence that PIP2 synthesis by Sktl is required to activate the actin-associated protein Moesin at the cortex. Moreover, our observations indicate that Sktl activity is required for cortical recruitment of the PAR proteins Bazooka (Baz), Par-1, Lethal (2) giant larvae [Lgl; L(2)gl - FlyBase...

...Melissa Beers; Kenneth Kemphues PAR proteins play roles in the establishment and maintenance of polarity in many different cell types in metazoans. In C. elegans, polarity established in the one-cell embryo determines the anteroposterior axis of the developing animal and is essential to set...

... an extrinsic signal from the overlying epithelium to anchor the centrosome/centrosome pair at the site of epithelial-neuroblast contact and for proper temporal and spatial localization of cortical Par proteins. This ensures the proper coordination between neuroblast cell polarity and CNS tissue polarity...

... lacking PTEN restored by a PH domain mutation in Akt/PKB. Science 295 , 2088 -2091. Suzuki, A., Yamanaka, T., Hirose, T., Manabe, N., Mizuno, K.,Shimizu, M., Akimoto, K., Izumi, Y., Ohnishi, T. and Ohno, S. ( 2001 ). Atypical protein kinase C is involved in the evolutionarily conserved par protein...

... Oriented cell division Neurogenesis Competence aPKC Par proteins Epithelial polarity Occludin The late blastula Xenopus embryo is shielded from the exterior by one layer of superficial cells that provide a tight-junction mediated epithelial seal. Underneath this superficial layer...

... Mesectoderm Mesendoderm Microtubules PAR proteins The asymmetric partitioning of developmental potential to the daughters of polarized cells is a central theme in development. During embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , the first mitotic division is asymmetric ( Sulston et al...