... months. We thank members of the Andrews lab for useful discussion and Dr Jennifer Kong for her helpful feedback on the manuscript. Building upon foundational studies from the intestinal and cancer organoid fields, we can begin to address how metabolism shapes human neural development...

... to the accessibility of this model, phagocytosis of migrating neural crest cells could be observed in real time for the first time in a mammalian model. We thus introduce a tractable in vitro model to study some of the key morphogenetic and cell type derivation events during early neural development. * Author...

... regulates the temporal cascade and neural stem cell competence in the embryonic central nervous system. Temporal patterning Neural development Neural stem cells Chronophage CTIP1/2 Bcl11a Bcl11b European Molecular Biology Organization http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004410...

... neural development. By profiling the genome-wide dynamics of H3K9ac, H3K9cr and H3K18la in combination with ATAC and RNA sequencing, we reveal that these marks are tightly correlated with chromatin state and gene expression, and extensively involved in transcriptome remodeling to promote cell-fate...

... as a homodimer to dominantly impose neural identity on pluripotent cells. E2A BHLH Neural development Pluripotent Following the establishment of the primary germ layers during gastrulation, the embryonic neural plate is specified from the anterior ectoderm at approximately embryonic day (E)7.5...

.... To examine the effect of altered oscillatory dynamics of Hes1, we generated two types of Hes1 knock-in mice, a shortened (type-1) and an elongated (type-2) Hes1 gene, and examined their phenotypes focusing on neural development. Although both mutations affected Hes1 oscillations, the type-1 mutation dampened...

... modulates signalling in order to facilitate the differentiation process. Cadherin FGF Neural development Pluripotent Wnt Mouse There is an increasing appreciation that changes in adhesion and morphology help to regulate cell fate changes ( Gilmour et al., 2017 ). The homotypic adhesion...

... specification . Neuron   40 , 81 - 95 . 10.1016/j.neuron.2003.08.006 Philippidou , P. and Dasen , J. S. ( 2013 ). Hox genes: choreographers in neural development, architects of circuit organization . Neuron   80 , 12 - 34 . 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.020 Preibisch , S...

... interference identifies SoxN and Sox102F as key regulators of the morphological properties of a neuronal type of the fruit fly visual system that computes the direction of motion. Neural development Layer specificity Optic lobe Drosophila SoxN Sox102F The formation of neural circuits...

... and cellular diversity in organoids and in brain samples are striking ( Camp et al., 2015 ). However, differences are also observed and can be highly informative. Indeed, differences between human and non-human neural development can be explored using pluripotent stem cell-based models to provide insights...

... guidance. Axon guidance Guidance cues Neural development Local translation MicroRNA Vesicular transport Neural circuits are the basis of neural function in health and disease, and the faulty assembly or disintegration of these circuits can result in disorders of the nervous system...

... with neuronal complexity in Drosophila and vertebrates, highlighting atonal as a platform for understanding proneural gene structure and regulation. bHLH gene Neural development Neurogenesis Neuronal diversity Proneural gene The function of the nervous system relies on a large number...

... tyrosine kinase causes larval feeding defects associated with abnormal axon innervation and defective peristalsis of the midgut. Neural development Enteric nervous system Ret signaling GDNF signaling Axon branching Drosophila The RET (rearranged during transfection) receptor tyrosine...

... throughout the pancreas. A screen of pancreatic extracellular signals identified factors that stimulated islet cell development. These included semaphorin 3a, a guidance cue in neural development without known functions in the pancreas. In the fetal pancreas, peripheral mesenchymal cells expressed Sema3a...

... junction. GABA synapse Neural circuit Neural development E/I balance Neurons in the brain are organized into circuits, and the activity of these circuits is regulated by the integration of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Thus, appropriate numbers and proper positioning...

... arrest serves a dual role: it prevents progenitor self-renewal and it synchronizes cell division with developmental signals. Neural development Sensory organs Mitosis G2 arrest Cell differentiation The development of a functional nervous system requires precise coordination of self...

... approaches reveal that Nkx2.2, Nkx6.1 and Olig2 directly repress multiple alternative fates during mammalian neural progenitor fate specification. Transcriptional regulation Fate specification Neural development Mouse Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is crucial for the specification of ventral...

... cortex Human brain evolution Neural development Neurogenesis Patterning Pluripotent stem cell The mechanisms of human brain development have long been attracting researchers' attention, but they have been challenging to explore because of the inherent difficulty of their experimental study...

..., suggesting that they contribute to establishing regional identity. Cell specification Neural development Neural stem cells MicroRNA MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that mediate post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression ( Bartel, 2004 ). A single miRNA can have up...