... have mainly involved systems for tracing a single gene, which are limited in their ability to facilitate direct comparisons of the contributions of different cell lineages. We have developed a new combinatorial system for tracing all three germ layers using self-cleaving 2A peptides and multiple site...

...Masumi Tokuhisa; Miyuki Muto; Hiroki Nishida The animal-vegetal (A-V) axis is already set in unfertilized eggs. It plays crucial roles in coordinating germ-layer formation. However, how the A-V axis is set has not been well studied. In ascidians, unfertilized eggs are already polarized along...

... germ layer specification, and that this early function is probably independent of the recognised role of Lin28 proteins in negatively regulating let-7 miRNA biogenesis. * Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Competing interests statement The authors declare no competing...

...Fiona C. Wardle; James C. Smith During blastula and gastrula stages of Xenopus development, cells become progressively and asynchronously committed to a particular germ layer. We have analysed the expression of genes normally expressed in ectoderm,mesoderm or endoderm in individual cells from early...

...Douglas W. Houston; Christopher Wylie One of the earliest lineage restriction events in embryogenesis is the specification of the primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. In Xenopus , germ layer specification occurs prior to gastrulation and requires the transcription factor VegT both...

...Shaw-Ree Chen; David Kimelman ABSTRACT Formation of the three germ layers requires a series of inductive events during early embryogenesis. Studies in zebrafish indicate that the source of these inductive signals may be the extra-embryonic yolk syncytial layer (YSL). The characterization of genes...

...Rachel M. Warga; Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard The segregation of cells into germ layers is one of the earliest events in the establishment of cell fate in the embryo. In the zebrafish, endoderm and mesoderm are derived from cells that involute into an internal layer, the hypoblast, whereas ectoderm...

... of the staging of some embryonic types, as well as of the identification of germ layer and the spaces between them. Dedicated to the memory of Pieter D. Nieuwkoop, a beloved teacher and friend and a great but modest scientist 04 04 1997 © 1997 by Company of Biologists 1997 axis chordate...

... together with sna and twi are required for foregut development. 01 02 1994 © 1994 by Company of Biologists 1994 Drosophila germ layer gastrulation mesoderm endoderm fate map gene regulation The germ layers in Drosophila are formed by two morphogenetic movements during...

... Reuter , R. and Leptin , M. (1994). Interacting functions of snail, twist and huckebein during the early development of germ layers in Drosophila . Development 120 , 1137 – 1150 . 10.1242/dev.120.5.1137 Siewing , R. (1969). Lehrbuch der vergleichenden...