.... So far, the evolution in two separate cell differentiation pathways, xanthophore-specific Csf1 signalling in D. albolineatus and iridophore-specific Edn signalling in D. nigrofasciatus , has been linked to patterning differences ( Parichy and Johnson, 2001 ; Patterson et al., 2014 ; Spiewak et...

... the plasticity of vertebrate gastrulation both when experimentally manipulated and during evolution. Using the insights obtained from these experiments we discuss the effects of the increase in yolk volume on the morphology of gastrulation and provide new insights into two crucial innovations during amniote...

...Katsiaryna Maskalenka; Gökberk Alagöz; Felix Krueger; Joshua Wright; Maria Rostovskaya; Asif Nakhuda; Adam Bendall; Christel Krueger; Simon Walker; Aylwyn Scally; Peter J. Rugg-Gunn ABSTRACT Gene duplication events can drive evolution by providing genetic material for new gene functions...

..., mechanosensory and peptidergic cell types alongside an apical tuft ( Marlow et al., 2014 ; Williams and Jékely, 2019 ; Randel et al., 2013 ; Verasztó et al., 2018 ). Fig. 1. Origin and evolution of the nervous system and the apical organ. (A) A brief overview of evolutionary relationships...

.... ( 2019 ). The microbiota-gut-brain axis . Physiol. Rev. 99 , 1877 - 2013 . 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 Davidson , E. and Erwin , D. ( 2006 ). Gene regulatory networks and the evolution of animal body plans . Science 311 , 796 - 800 . 10.1126/science.1113832...

...Aurélie Hintermann; Isabel Guerreiro; Lucille Lopez-Delisle; Christopher Chase Bolt; Sandra Gitto; Denis Duboule; Leonardo Beccari ABSTRACT Modifications in gene regulation are driving forces in the evolution of organisms. Part of these changes involve cis- regulatory elements (CREs), which contact...

...: The unicellular state of the moss Physcomitrium patens is caused in part by uncontrolled cell expansion and defects in cell wall integrity, which are regulated by ROP GTPase activation by prenylation. Protein prenylation ROP GTPase Evolution Land plants Unicellular Multicellularity Cell expansion...

... resources for the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis , facilitating the exploration of gene regulatory evolution using this emerging research organism. We use Omni-ATAC-seq to identify accessible chromatin genome-wide across a broad time course of Parhyale embryonic development. This time course...

... model system for understanding early animal evolution. Here, we characterize the expression and functional role of Klf genes during M. leidyi embryogenesis. Zygotic Klf gene function was assessed with both CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and splice-blocking morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown...

.... D. and D'Aniello , S. ( 2015 ). Evolution of the notochord . Evodevo 6 , 1 - 13 . 10.1186/s13227-015-0025-3 Bagnat , M. and Gray , R. S. ( 2020 ). Development of a straight vertebrate body axis . Development 147 , dev175794 . 10.1242/dev.175794...

... and adaptation . Cell 179 , 1409 - 1423.e17 . 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.008 Chen , C.-F. , Foley , J. , Tang , P.-C. , Li , A. , Jiang , T. X. , Wu , P. , Widelitz , R. B. and Chuong , C. M. ( 2015 ). Development, regeneration, and evolution of feathers . Annu. Rev...

... fate specification and cell differentiation in C. elegans mesoderm development . Development 137 , 1451 - 1460 . 10.1242/dev.048496 Andrikou , C. and Arnone , M. I. ( 2015 ). Too many ways to make a muscle: evolution of GRNs governing myogenesis . Zool. Anz - J. Comp. Zool...

... evolution of animal development. Choanoflagellates Evolution Filasterea Ichthyosporea Multicellularity How a complex multicellular organism (plant or animal) can develop from a single cell, the zygote, is one of the most amazing questions in biology. Plants and most other eukaryotic...

... of extant multicellular animals, we suggest that this system can be explored to study the genetic features underlying the evolution of multicellularity and regeneration. * Author for correspondence ( venmod@mba.ac.uk ) Handling Editor: Cassandra Extavour Competing interests The authors...

..., there are multiple examples of non-cephalic or distributed image-forming eyes. To highlight the role of developmental context in the evolution of complexity, we describe three examples found in the Spiralia: Chiton, Scallop and Fan worms. The primary and secondary eyes found in arachnids have predicted...

... in development and evolution, the LPM remains challenging to study and to delineate, owing to its lineage complexity and lack of a concise genetic definition. Here, we outline the processes that govern LPM specification, organization, its cell fates and the inferred evolutionary trajectories of LPM-derived...

...Douglas H. Erwin ABSTRACT The origins and the early evolution of multicellular animals required the exploitation of holozoan genomic regulatory elements and the acquisition of new regulatory tools. Comparative studies of metazoans and their relatives now allow reconstruction of the evolution...

...Joana Caetano-Lopes; Katrin Henke; Katia Urso; Jeffrey Duryea; Julia F. Charles; Matthew L. Warman; Matthew P. Harris ABSTRACT Evolution is replete with reuse of genes in different contexts, leading to multifunctional roles of signaling factors during development. Here, we explore osteoclast...

... proposing that robustness evolved by the co-option of gene networks and extracellular cell signaling in early animal evolution. * These authors contributed equally to this work ‡ Author for correspondence ( isaac.salazar@helsinki.fi ) Competing interests The authors declare no competing...

...; Harmit S. Malik; José M. Martín-Durán; Catherine L. Peichel; Marilyn B. Renfree; Kinga Rutowicz; Peter Sarkies; Robert J. Schmitz; Ulrich Technau; Joseph W. Thornton; Tobias Warnecke; Kenneth H. Wolfe ABSTRACT Over the past few years, interest in chromatin and its evolution has grown. To further advance...