... derivatives of invertebrate chordates, with these cells subsequently becoming localized to specific glandular structures with tissue elaboration and enhanced regionalization of the vertebrate pharynx ( Fig. 6 ). Fig. 6. Evolution and homology of chordate C-cells. C-cells were broadly distributed...

... mouse and chicken as well as between the chicken ulna and fibula. This is evidence that, although zeugopod bones are clearly homologous according to the fossil record, the gene regulatory networks that contribute to their development and evolution are not fixed. The precise origin...

.... ( 2015 ). Human-chimpanzee differences in a FZD8 enhancer alter cell-cycle dynamics in the developing neocortex . Curr. Biol. 25 , 772 - 779 . 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.041 Buckner , R. L. and Krienen , F. M. ( 2013 ). The evolution of distributed association networks in the human...

...’) compete to occupy regions of genomic DNA (‘sinks’). Chromatin Epigenetics Evolution Transposons Zygotic activation Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001822 All living organisms package their DNA with chromatin proteins. Chromatin...

... a mechanism for human pigment evolution and disease . Pigment. Cell Melanoma. Res. 26 , 205 - 217 . 10.1111/pcmr.12053 Eom , D. S. , Inoue , S. , Patterson , L. B. , Gordon , T. N. , Slingwine , R. , Kondo , S. , Watanabe , M. and Parichy , D. M. ( 2012...

... the plasticity of vertebrate gastrulation both when experimentally manipulated and during evolution. Using the insights obtained from these experiments we discuss the effects of the increase in yolk volume on the morphology of gastrulation and provide new insights into two crucial innovations during amniote...

...Katsiaryna Maskalenka; Gökberk Alagöz; Felix Krueger; Joshua Wright; Maria Rostovskaya; Asif Nakhuda; Adam Bendall; Christel Krueger; Simon Walker; Aylwyn Scally; Peter J. Rugg-Gunn ABSTRACT Gene duplication events can drive evolution by providing genetic material for new gene functions...

... Neuron Evolution Cilia Cnidaria Nematostella vectensis Natural Environment Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270 Marine Biological Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000655 Austrian Science Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002428...

.... ( 2019 ). The microbiota-gut-brain axis . Physiol. Rev. 99 , 1877 - 2013 . 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 Davidson , E. and Erwin , D. ( 2006 ). Gene regulatory networks and the evolution of animal body plans . Science 311 , 796 - 800 . 10.1126/science.1113832...

...Aurélie Hintermann; Isabel Guerreiro; Lucille Lopez-Delisle; Christopher Chase Bolt; Sandra Gitto; Denis Duboule; Leonardo Beccari ABSTRACT Modifications in gene regulation are driving forces in the evolution of organisms. Part of these changes involve cis- regulatory elements (CREs), which contact...

...: The unicellular state of the moss Physcomitrium patens is caused in part by uncontrolled cell expansion and defects in cell wall integrity, which are regulated by ROP GTPase activation by prenylation. Protein prenylation ROP GTPase Evolution Land plants Unicellular Multicellularity Cell expansion...

... resources for the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis , facilitating the exploration of gene regulatory evolution using this emerging research organism. We use Omni-ATAC-seq to identify accessible chromatin genome-wide across a broad time course of Parhyale embryonic development. This time course...

... model system for understanding early animal evolution. Here, we characterize the expression and functional role of Klf genes during M. leidyi embryogenesis. Zygotic Klf gene function was assessed with both CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and splice-blocking morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown...

.... D. and D'Aniello , S. ( 2015 ). Evolution of the notochord . Evodevo 6 , 1 - 13 . 10.1186/s13227-015-0025-3 Bagnat , M. and Gray , R. S. ( 2020 ). Development of a straight vertebrate body axis . Development 147 , dev175794 . 10.1242/dev.175794...

... undergo large scale remodeling involving stem cells, transient amplifying cells and differentiated cells. The control of this homeostasis in physiological and plucked-induced cycling is analyzed. Stem cell niche Dermis Follicle Morphogenesis Evolution Evo-Devo Chicken National...

... fate specification and cell differentiation in C. elegans mesoderm development . Development 137 , 1451 - 1460 . 10.1242/dev.048496 Andrikou , C. and Arnone , M. I. ( 2015 ). Too many ways to make a muscle: evolution of GRNs governing myogenesis . Zool. Anz - J. Comp. Zool...

... evolution of animal development. Choanoflagellates Evolution Filasterea Ichthyosporea Multicellularity How a complex multicellular organism (plant or animal) can develop from a single cell, the zygote, is one of the most amazing questions in biology. Plants and most other eukaryotic...

... of extant multicellular animals, we suggest that this system can be explored to study the genetic features underlying the evolution of multicellularity and regeneration. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Handling Editor: Cassandra Extavour Competing interests The authors...

..., there are multiple examples of non-cephalic or distributed image-forming eyes. To highlight the role of developmental context in the evolution of complexity, we describe three examples found in the Spiralia: Chiton, Scallop and Fan worms. The primary and secondary eyes found in arachnids have predicted...

... in development and evolution, the LPM remains challenging to study and to delineate, owing to its lineage complexity and lack of a concise genetic definition. Here, we outline the processes that govern LPM specification, organization, its cell fates and the inferred evolutionary trajectories of LPM-derived...