... understanding of how the BBB is formed during development and maintained in adulthood. We used quantitative transcriptional profiling to investigate whether specific adhesion molecules are involved in BBB functions, with an emphasis on understanding how astrocytes interact with endothelial cells. Our results...

...Osamu Nozawa; Muneaki Miyata; Hajime Shiotani; Takeshi Kameyama; Ryouhei Komaki; Tatsuhiro Shimizu; Toshihiko Kuriu; Yutaro Kashiwagi; Yuka Sato; Michinori Koebisu; Atsu Aiba; Shigeo Okabe; Kiyohito Mizutani; Yoshimi Takai ABSTRACT Ramified, polarized protoplasmic astrocytes interact with synapses...

..., these mutants displayed severe defects in astrocyte migration (arrowheads) and angiogenesis (arrow). Dotted lines indicate edges of retinae. Insets show magnified views of the boxed areas in A,B. (C) After replacing FBS with horse serum, C2C12 myoblast cells fused into myotubes, which can induce exogenous...

...Jéssica Alves Medeiros de Araújo; Soraia Barão; Isabel Mateos-White; Ana Espinosa; Marcos Romualdo Costa; Cristina Gil-Sanz; Ulrich Müller ABSTRACT Neocortical progenitor cells generate subtypes of excitatory projection neurons in sequential order followed by the generation of astrocytes...

...Robin M. Perelli; Matthew L. O'Sullivan; Samantha Zarnick; Jeremy N. Kay ABSTRACT Angiogenesis in the developing mammalian retina requires patterning cues from astrocytes. Developmental disorders of retinal vasculature, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), involve arrest or mispatterning...

... Astrocyte Barriergenesis The CNS is the most vascularized organ system in the human body ( Tam and Watts, 2010 ). Its billions of neurons and glia interact with blood vessels within multicellular complexes or neurovascular units (NVUs) that regulate angiogenesis ( Tata et al., 2015...

... characterization. Once attached to the endothelium, pericytes are solitary cells that contact other pericytes, astrocytes and endothelial cells. Their morphology varies along the vascular tree but they all have a rounded cell body, long processes and attach to the longitudinal axis of capillaries ( Armulik et...

... intermediate neural progenitors (INPs). Distinct type II neuroblasts produce different characteristic sets of glia. A single INP can make both astrocyte-like and ensheathing glia, which co-occupy a relatively restrictive subdomain. Blocking apoptosis uncovers further lineage distinctions in the specification...

... ( Kang et al., 2010 ; Rivers et al., 2008 ; Tripathi et al., 2010 ) or to both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes ( Nishiyama et al., 2009 ) in vivo , they have also been reported to generate pyriform projection neurons in adult rodents, even in the absence of injury or exogenous manipulation ( Guo et al...

.... Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2015 Summary: This poster article reviews the origins of glia, their diverse roles during neural development and their contribution to plasticity and disease in the adult mammalian nervous system. Astrocyte Glia Microglia Myelination Nervous...

...Gopalan Gnanaguru; Galina Bachay; Saptarshi Biswas; Germán Pinzón-Duarte; Dale D. Hunter; William J. Brunken Pathologies of retinal blood vessels are among the major causes of blindness worldwide. A key cell type that regulates retinal vascular development is the astrocyte. Generated extrinsically...

... H3K9 trimethylation and the misregulation of genes, resulting in severe brain defects and early lethality. In the mutant brain, endogenous retrotransposons were derepressed and non-neural gene expression was activated. Furthermore, early neurogenesis was severely impaired, whereas astrocyte formation...

...Xiaoqin Zhu; Hao Zuo; Brady J. Maher; David R. Serwanski; Joseph J. LoTurco; Q. Richard Lu; Akiko Nishiyama NG2-expressing cells (NG2 cells or polydendrocytes) generate oligodendrocytes throughout the CNS and a subpopulation of protoplasmic astrocytes in the gray matter of the ventral forebrain...

... previously reported that NG2 cells generate oligodendrocytes in both gray and white matter and a subset of protoplasmic astrocytes in the gray matter of the ventral forebrain and spinal cord. To investigate the temporal changes in NG2 cell fate, we generated NG2creER™BAC transgenic mice, in which tamoxifen...

.... ( 1991 ). Gap junctions between cultured astrocytes: immunocytochemical, molecular, and electrophysiological analysis . J. Neurosci. 11 , 1421 - 1432 . Doetsch F. ( 2003 ). The glial identity of neural stem cells . Nat. Neurosci. 6 , 1127 - 1134 . Ellingsen S. , Laplante...

... into astrocytes. The in vivo fate of NG2 glia was examined in mice that were double transgenic for NG2creBAC and the Cre reporter Z/EG. In the double transgenic mice, the Cre reporter EGFP was detected in myelinating oligodendrocytes and in a subpopulation of protoplasmic astrocytes in the gray matter...

... al., 2005 ). To identify cultured cell types, primary cells were examined for expression of phenotypic markers. Following dissociation, immunocytochemistry on primary cells 3 days in vitro (DIV) revealed a heterogeneous population containing predominantly astrocytic (GFAP + ) cells, but included...

... in cell cycle, contain progenitor cell markers and demonstrate self-renewal with enhanced neurogenesis - characteristics that are typical of adult SVZ and subgranular zone (SGZ) stem cells/astrocytes. By contrast, BMP-induced GFAP + cells are stellate, exit the cell cycle, and lack progenitor traits...

... , 1.08±0.02 versus 0.94±0.02, P =0.0003). Previous studies have shown that the Cre transgenic strain under the control of human GFAP promoter ( hGFAP -cre) expresses Cre recombinase not only in mature astrocytes, but also in multipotent radial glial cells that exhibit neural stem/progenitor cell...

...Jayshree Samanta; John A. Kessler Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling inhibits the generation of oligodendroglia and enhances generation of astrocytes by neural progenitor cells both in vitro and in vivo. This study examined the mechanisms underlying the effects of BMP signaling on glial...