In the Drosophila eye imaginal disc the photoreceptor cells (R cells) differentiate according to a precise spatial and temporal order. The sidekick (sdk) gene is necessary to prevent extra R cells from differentiating during eye disc development. The extra cell appears between R3 and R4 early in R cell clusters and is most likely the result of the mystery cell inappropriately differentiating as an R cell. Mosaic analysis shows that sdk is required neither in the R cells nor in the extra cell, suggesting that sdk is necessary in the surrounding undifferentiated cells. The sdk gene codes for a protein that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, having six immunoglobulin domains, thirteen fibronectin repeats and a transmembrane domain. The protein structure is consistent with its participation in cell-cell interaction during eye development.
REFERENCES
Baker
N. E.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1989
) Effect on eye development of dominant mutations in Drosophila homologue of the EGF receptor.
Nature
340
, 150
–153
Baker
N. E.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1992
) Ellipse mutations in the Drosophila homologue of the EGF receptor affect pattern formation, cell division, and cell death in the eye imaginal discs.
Dev. Biol
150
, 381
–396
Baker
N. E.
, Mlodzik
M.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1990
) Spacing differentiation in the developing Drosophila eye: a fibrinogen-related lateral inhibitor encoded by scabrou s.
Science
250
, 1370
–1377
Baker
N. E.
, Yu
S.
, Han
D.
(1996
) Evolution of proneural atonal expression during distinct regulatory phases in the developing Drosophila eye.
Curr. Biol
6
, 1290
–1301
Bieber
A. J.
, Snow
P. M.
, Hortsch
M.
, Patel
N. H.
, Jacobs
R. J.
, Traquina
Z. R.
, Schilling
J.
, Goodman
C. S.
(1989
) Drosophilaneuroglian: a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with extensive homology to the vertebrate neural adhesion molecule L1.
Cell
59
, 447
–460
Butler
S. J.
, Ray
S.
, Hiromi
Y.
(1997
) klingon, a novel member of the Drosophila immunoglobulin superfamily, is required for the development of the R7 photoreceptor neuron.
Development
124
, 781
–792
Dietrich
U.
, Campos-Ortega
J. A.
(1984
) The expression of neurogenic loci in the imaginal epidermal cells of Drosophilamelanogaster.
J. Neurogenet
1
, 315
–332
Elkins
T.
, Zinn
K.
, McAllister
L.
, Hoffman
F. M.
, Goodman
C. S.
(1990
) Genetic analysis of a Drosophila neural cell adhesion molecule: interaction of Fasciclin I and Abelson tyrosine kinase mutations.
Cell
60
, 565
–575
Engels
W. R.
, Preston
C. R.
, Thompson
P.
, Eggleston
W. B.
(1986
) in situ hybridization to Drosophila salivary chromosomes with biotinylated DNA probes and alkaline phosphatase.
Focus
8
, 1
–.Fischer-Vize
J. A.
, Rubin
G. M.
, Lehmann
R.
(1992
) The fat facets gene is required for Drosophila eye and embryo development.
Development
116
, 985
–1000
Fischer-Vize
J. A.
, Vize
P. D.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1992
) A unique mutation in the enhancer of split gene complex affects the fates of the mystery cells in the developing Drosophila eye.
Development
115
, 89
–101
Franceschini
N.
, Kirschfeld
K.
(1971
) Les phenomenes des pseudopille dans l'oeil compose de Drosophila.
Kybernetik
9
, 150
–182
Freeman
M.
(1994
) Misexpression of the Drosophilaargos gene, a secreted regulator of cell determination.
Development
120
, 2297
–2304
Freeman
M.
(1994
) The spitz gene is required for photoreceptor determination in the Drosophila eye where it interacts with the EGF receptor.
Mech. Dev
48
, 25
–33
Freeman
M.
(1996
) Reiterative use of the EGF receptor triggers differentiation of all cell types in the Drosophila eye.
Cell
87
, 651
–660
Freeman
M.
, Klambt
C.
, Goodman
C. S.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1992
) The argos gene encodes a diffusible factor that regulates cell fate decisions in the Drosophila eye.
Cell
69
, 963
–975
Garcia-Alonso
L.
, VanBerkum
M. F. A.
, Grenningloh
G.
, Schuster
C.
, Goodman
C. S.
(1995
) Fasciclin II controls proneural gene expression in Drosophila.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
92
, 10501
–10505
Golembo
M.
, Schweitzer
R.
, Freeman
M.
, Shilo
B.-Z.
(1996
) argos transcription is induced by the Drosophila EGF receptor pathway to form an inhibitory feedback loop.
Development
122
, 223
–230
Golic
K. G.
, Lindquist
S.
(1989
) The FLP recombinase of yeast catalyzes site-specific recombination in the Drosophila genome.
Cell
59
, 499
–509
Grenningloh
G.
, Bieber
A. J.
, Rehm
E. J.
, Snow
P. M.
, Traquina
Z. R.
, Hortsch
M.
, Patel
N. H.
, Goodman
C. S.
(1990
) Molecular Genetics of neuronal recognition in Drosophila: evolution and function of immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules.
Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol
55
, 327
–340
Grenningloh
G.
, Rehm
E. J.
, Goodman
C. S.
(1991
) Genetic analysis of growth cone guidance in Drosophila: fasciclin II functions as a neuronal recognition molecule.
Cell
67
, 45
–57
Hall
S. G.
, Bieber
A. J.
(1997
) Mutations in the Drosophila neuroglian cell adhesion molecule affect motor neuron pathfinding and peripheral nervous system patterning.
J. Neurobiol
32
, 325
–340
Harrelson
A.
, Goodman
C. S.
(1988
) Growth cone guidance in insects: Fasciclin II is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
Science
242
, 700
–708
Hortsch
M.
, Wang
Y. E.
, Matikar
Y.
, Bieber
A. J.
(1995
) The cytoplasmic domain of the Drosophila cell adhesion molecule neuroglian is not essential for its homophilic adhesive properties in S2 cells.
J. B. C
270
, 18809
–18817
Huang
Y.
, Baker
R. T.
, Fischer-Vize
J. A.
(1995
) Control of cell fate by a deubiquitinating enzyme encoded by the fat facets gene.
Science
270
, 1828
–1831
Huang
Y.
, Fischer-Vize
J. A.
(1996
) Undifferentiated cells in the developing Drosophila eye influence facet assembly and require the Fat facets ubiquitin-specific protease.
Development
122
, 3207
–3216
Jarman
A. P.
, Grell
E. H.
, Ackerman
L.
, Jan
L. Y.
, Jan
Y. N.
(1994
) atonal is the proneural gene for Drosophila photoreceptors.
Nature
369
, 398
–400
Kimmel
B. E.
, Heberlein
U.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1990
) The homeo domain protein rough is expressed in a subset of cells in the developing Drosophila eye where it can specify photoreceptor cell subtype.
Genes Dev
4
, 712
–727
Klambt
C.
, Glazer
L.
, Shilo
B.-Z.
(1992
) breathless, a Drosophila FGF receptor homologue, is essential for migration of tracheal and specific midline glial cells.
Genes Dev
6
, 1668
–1678
Klemenz
R.
, Weber
U.
, Gehring
W. J.
(1987
) The white gene as a marker in a new P-element vector for gene transfer in Drosophila.
Nucl. Acids Res
15
, 3947
–3959
Lawrence
P. A.
, Green
S. M.
(1979
) Cell lineage in the developing retina of Drosophila.
Dev. Biol
71
, 142
–152
Melamed
J.
, Trujillo-Cenoz
O.
(1975
) The fine structure of the eye imaginal disc in muscoid flies.
J. Ultrastruct. Res
51
, 79
–93
Mlodzik
M.
, Hiromi
Y.
, Weber
U.
, Goodman
C. S.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1990
) The Drosophila seven-up gene, a member of the steroid receptor gene superfamily, controls photoreceptor cell fates.
Cell
60
, 211
–224
Mlodzik
M.
, Baker
N. E.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1990
) Isolation and expression of scabrous, a gene regulating neurogenesis in Drosophila.
Genes Dev
4
, 1848
–1861
Ochman
H.
, Gerber
A. S.
, Hartl
D. L.
(1988
) Genetic applications of an inverse polymerase chain reaction.
Genetics
120
, 621
–623
Parks
A. L.
, Turner
F. R.
, Musksvitch
M. A. T.
(1995
) Relationships between complex Delta expression and the specification of retinal cell fates during Drosophila eye development.
Mech. Dev
50
, 201
–216
Paroush
Z.
, Finley
R. L.
Jr., Kidd
T.
, Wainright
S. M.
, Ingham
P. W.
, Brent
R.
, Ish-Horowicz
D.
(1994
) groucho is required for Drosophila neurogenesis, segmentation, and sex determination and interacts directly with hairy-related bHLH proteins.
Cell
79
, 805
–815
Patel
N. H.
, Snow
P. M.
, Goodman
C. S.
(1987
) Characterization and cloning of fasciclin III: a glycoprotein expressed on a subset of neurons and axon pathways in Drosophila.
Cell
48
, 975
–988
Ramos
R. G. P.
, Igloi
G. L.
, Lichte
B.
, Baumann
U.
, Maier
D.
, Schneider
T.
, Brandstatter
J. H.
, Frohlich
A.
, Fischbach
K.-F.
(1993
) The irregular chiasm C-roughest locus of Drosophila, which affects axonal projections and programmed cell death, encodes a novel immunoglobulin-like protein.
Genes Dev
7
, 2533
–2547
Ready
D. F.
, Hanson
T. E.
, Benzer
S.
(1976
) Development of the Drosophila retina, a neurocrystalline lattice.
Dev. Biol
53
, 217
–240
Reinke
R.
, Zipursky
S. L.
(1988
) Cell-cell interaction in the Drosophila retina: the bride of sevenless gene is required in photoreceptor cell R8 for R7 cell development.
Cell
55
, 321
–330
Reiter
C.
, Schimansky
T.
, Nie
Z.
, Fischbach
K.-F.
(1996
) Reorganization of membrane contacts prior to apoptosis in the Drosophila retina: the role of the IrreC-rst protein.
Development
122
, 1931
–1940
Robertson
H. M.
, Prestion
C. R.
, Phillis
R. W.
, Johnson-Schlitz
D. M.
, Benz
W. K.
, Engels
W. R.
(1988
) A stable source of P element transposase in Drosophila melanogaster.
Genetics
118
, 461
–470
Sanger
F.
, Nicklen
S.
, Coulson
A.
(1977
) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
74
, 5463
–5467
Schweitzer
R.
, Howes
R.
, Smith
R.
, Shilo
B.-Z.
, Freeman
M.
(1995
) Inhibition of Drosophila EGF receptor activation by the secreted protein Argos.
Nature
376
, 699
–702
Schweitzer
R.
, Shaharabany
M.
, Seger
R.
, Shilo
B.-Z.
(1995
) Secreted Spitz triggers the Der signaling pathway and is a limiting component in embryonic ventral ectoderm determination.
Genes Dev
9
, 1518
–1529
Seeger
M.
, Haffley
L.
, Kaufman
T. C.
(1988
) Characterization of amalgam: a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily from Drosophila.
Cell
55
, 589
–600
Snow
P. M.
, Bieber
A. J.
, Goodman
C. S.
(1989
) Fasciculin III: a novel homophilic adhesion molecule in Drosophila.
Cell
59
, 313
–323
Streuli
M.
, Krueger
N. X.
, Tsai
A. Y. M.
, Saito
H.
(1989
) A family of receptor-linked protein tyrosine phosphatases in humans and Drosophila.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
86
, 8698
–8702
Tio
M.
, Ma
C.
, Moses
K.
(1994
) spitz, a Drosophila homologue of transforming growth factor-is required in the founding photoreceptor cells of the compound eye facets.
Mech. Dev
48
, 13
–23
Tio
M.
, Moses
K.
(1997
) The Drosophila TGF alpha homolog Spitz acts in photoreceptor recruitment in the developing retina.
Development
124
, 343
–351
Tomlinson
A.
, Bowtell
D.
, Hafen
E.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1987
) Localization of the sevenless protein, a putative receptor for positional information in the eye imaginal disc of Drosophila.
Cell
51
, 143
–150
Tomlinson
A.
, Ready
D. F.
(1987
) Neuronal differentiation in the Drosophil a ommatidium.
Dev. Biol
120
, 366
–376
Wolff
T.
, Ready
D. F.
(1991
) The beginning of pattern formation in the Drosophila compound eye: the morphogenetic furrow and the second mitotic wave.
Development
113
, 841
–850
Wolff
T.
, Ready
D. F.
(1991
) Cell death in normal and rough eye mutants of Drosophila.
Development
113
, 625
–839
Xu
T.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1993
) Analysis of genetic mosaics in developing and adult Drosophila tissues.
Development
117
, 1223
–1237
Zak
N. B.
, Shilo
B.-Z.
(1992
) Localization of DER and the pattern of cell divisions in wild-type and Ellipse eye imaginal discs.
Dev. Biol
149
, 448
–456
Zipursky
S. L.
, Rubin
G. M.
(1994
) Determination of neuronal cell fate: lessons from the R7 neuron of Drosophila.
Annu. Rev. Neurosci
17
, 373
–97
This content is only available via PDF.
© 1997 by Company of Biologists
1997
-JournalMeeting.png?versionId=3737)
(update)-ImmuneSI.png?versionId=3737)
-GSWorkshop.png?versionId=3737)
(update)-InPreprints.png?versionId=3737)
-FocalPlaneNetworkLaunch.png?versionId=3737)
