The neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, prevents motoneuron cell death during the normal development of the chick embryo. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a ligand for the low-affinity NGF receptor, p75, and for the high-affinity neurotrophin receptor, trkB. If motoneurons respond directly to brain-derived neurotrophic factor then they must possess at least one, and possibly both, of these receptors during the period of naturally occurring cell death. Histological sections from the lumbar region of chick embryos were probed for the presence of trkB and p75 mRNA using digoxigenin-labeled anti-sense RNA probes. p75 mRNA was present in spinal cord motoneurons at stages of development that correlate with motoneuron cell death. Immunohistochemical localization also revealed that p75 protein was present in motoneurons, primarily along the ventral roots and developing intramuscular nerves. In contrast trkB mRNA was not present in chick motoneurons until after the process of cell death was underway. The timing of trkB expression suggested that some motoneurons, i.e., those that die prior to the onset of trkB expression, may be insensitive to brain-derived neurotrophic factor. This was confirmed by comparing the number of surviving motoneurons following different in vivo treatment paradigms. The evidence indicates that motoneurons undergo a temporal shift in sensitivity to brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
Reference
Alderson
R. F.
, Alterman
A. L.
, Barde
Y.-A.
, Lindsay
R. M.
(1990
) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases the survival and differentiated functions of rat septal cholinergic neurons in culture.
Neuron
5
, 297
–306
Arakawa
Y.
, Sendtner
M.
, Thoenen
H.
(1990
) Survival effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on chick embryonic motoneurons in culture: Comparison with other neurotrophic factors and cytokines.
J. Neurosci
10
, 3507
–3515
Averbuch-Heller
L.
, Pruginin
M.
, Kahane
N.
, Tsoulfas
P.
, Parada
L.
, Rosenthal
A.
, Kalcheim
C.
(1994
) Neurotrophin-3 stimulates the differentiation of motoneurons from avian neural tube progenitor cells.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
91
, 3247
–3251
Barbacid
M.
(1993
) Nerve growth factor: a tale of two receptors.
Oncogene
8
, 2033
–2042
Barde
Y.-A.
, Edgar
D.
, Thoenen
H.
(1982
) Purification of a new neurotrophic factor from mammalian brain.
EMBO J
5
, 549
–553
Bhattacharyya
A.
, Oppenheim
R. W.
, Prevette
D.
, Moore
B. W.
, Brackenbury
R.
, Ratner
N.
(1992
) S100 is present in developing chicken neurons and Schwann cells and promotes motor neuron survival in vivo.
J. Neurobiol
23
, 451
–466
Bloch-Gallego
E.
, Huchet
M.
, El M'Hamdi
H.
, Xie
F.-K.
, Tanaka
H.
, Henderson
C. E.
(1991
) Survival in vitro of identified motoneurons purified by novel antibody-based methods is selectively enhanced by muscle-derived factors.
Development
111
, 221
–232
Bothwell
M.
(1995
) Functional interactions of neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors.
Ann. Rev. Neurosci
18
, 223
–253
Brenneman
D. E.
, Neale
E. A.
, Foster
G. A.
, d'Autremont
S. W.
, Westbrook
G. L.
(1987
) Nonneuronal cells mediate neurotrophic action of vasoactive intestinal peptide.
J. Cell Biol
104
, 1603
–1610
Buchman
V. L.
, Davies
A. M.
(1993
) Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental sequence to promote the survival of embryonic sensory neurons.
Development
118
, 989
–1001
Caroni
P.
, Grandes
P.
(1990
) Nerve sprouting in innervated adult skeletal muscle induced by exposure to elevated levels of insulin-like growth factors.
J. Cell Biol
110
, 1307
–1317
Chao
M. V.
(1992
) Neurotrophin receptors: A window into neuronal differentiation.
Neuron
9
, 583
–593
Chao
M. V.
(1994
) The p75 neurotrophin receptor.
J. Neurobiol
25
, 1373
–1385
Conover
J.C.
, Erickson
J.T.
, Katz
D.M.
, Bianchi
L.M.
, Poveymirou
W.T.
, McClain
J.
, Pan
L.
, Helgren
M.
, Ip
N.Y.
, Boland
P.
, Friedman
B.
, Wiegand
S.
, Vejsada
R.
, Kato
A.C.
, DeChiara
T.M.
, Yancopoulis
G.D.
(1995
) Neuronal deficits, not involving motor neurons in mice lacking BDNF and/or NT-4.
Nature
375
, 235
–238
Dahm
L. M.
, Landmesser
L. T.
(1988
) The regulation of intramuscular nerve branching during normal development and following activity blockade.
Dev. Biol
130
, 621
–644
Dechant
G.
, Biffo
S.
, Okazawa
H.
, Kolbeck
R.
, Pottgiesser
J.
, Barde
Y.-A.
(1993
) Expression and binding characteristics of the chick BDNF receptor trk B.
Development
119
, 545
–558
DiStefano
P. S.
, Friedman
B.
, Radziejewski
C.
, Alexander
C.
, Boland
P.
, Schick
C. M.
, Lindsay
R. M.
, Wiegand
S. J.
(1992
) The neurotrophins BDNF, NT-3, and NGF display distinct patterns of retrograde axonal transport in peripheral and central neurons.
Neuron
8
, 983
–993
Dohrmann
U.
, Edgar
D.
, Sendtner
M.
, Thoenen
H.
(1986
) Muscle-derived factors that support survival and promote fiber outgrowth from embryonic chick spinal motor neurons in culture.
Dev. Biol
118
, 209
–221
Dohrmann
U.
, Edgar
D.
, Thoenen
H.
(1987
) Distinct neurotrophic factors from skeletal muscle and the central nervous system interact synergistically to support the survival of cultured embryonic spinal motor neurons.
Dev. Biol
124
, 145
–152
Dubrowsky
R. T.
, Werner
M. H.
, Castellino
A. M.
, Chao
M. V.
, Hannum
Y. A.
(1994
) Activation of the sphingomyelin cycle pathway through the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor.
Science
265
, 1596
–1599
Eagleson
K. L.
, Raju
T. R.
, Bennett
M. R.
(1985
) Motoneurone survival is induced by immatrue astrocytes from developing avian spinal cord.
Dev. Brain Res
17
, 95
–104
Ernfors
P.
, Hallböök
F.
, Ebeudal
T.
, Shooter
E.M.
, Radekc
M.J.
, Misko
T.P.
, Persson
Håkan
(1988
) Developmental and regional expression of-nerve growth factor receptor mRNA in the chick and rat.
Neuron
1
, 983
–996
Ernfors
P.
, Lee
K.-F.
, Jaenisch
R.
(1994
) Mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor develop with sensory deficits.
Nature
368
, 147
–150
Escandon
E.
, Soppet
D.
, Rosenthal
A.
, Mendoza-Ramirez
J.-L.
, Szonyi
E.
, Burton
L. E.
, Henderson
C. E.
, Parada
L. F.
, Nikolics
K.
(1994
) Regulation of neurotrophin receptor expression during embryonic and postnatal development.
J. Neurosci
14
, 2054
–2068
Funakoshi
H.
, Bellvardo
N.
, Arenas
E.
, Yamamoto
Y.
, Casabona
A.
, Persson
H.
, Ibáñez
C.F.
(1995
) Muscle-derived neurotrophin-4 as an activity-dependent trophic signal for adult motor neurons.
Science
268
, 1495
–1499
Hallbook
F.
, Ibanez
C. F.
, Ebendal
T.
, Persson
H.
(1993
) Cellular localization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNA expression in the early chicken embryo.
Eur. J. Neurosci
5
, 1
–14
Hamburger
V.
(1934
) The effects of wing bud extirpation on the development of the central nervous system in the chick embryo.
J. Exp. Zool
68
, 449
–494
Hamburger
V.
(1975
) Cell death in the development of the lateral motor column of the chick embryo.
J. Comp. Neurol
160
, 535
–546
Hefti
F.
(1986
) Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes survival of septal cholinergic neurons after fimbrial transection.
J. Neurosci
6
, 2155
–2162
Hempstead
B. L.
, Martin-Zanca
D.
, Kaplan
D. R.
, Parada
L. F.
, Chao
M. V.
(1991
) High-affinity NGF binding requires coexpression of the trk proto-oncogene and the low-affinity NGF receptor.
Nature
350
, 678
–682
Henderson
C. E.
, Camu
W.
, Mettling
C.
, Govin
A.
, Poulsen
K.
, Karihaloo
M.
, Rullamas
J.
, Evans
T.
, McMahon
S. B.
, Armanini.
M. P.
, Berkemeier
L.
, Phillips
H. S.
, Rosenthal
A.
(1993
) Neurotrophins promote motor neuron survival and are present in the embryonic limb bud.
Nature
331
, 266
–270
Henderson
C. E.
, Phillips
H. S.
, Pollock
R. A.
, Davies
A. M.
, Lemeulle
C.
, Armanini
M.
, Simpson
L. C.
, Moffet
B.
, Vandlen
R. A.
, Koliatsos
V. E.
, The Rosenthal
A.
(1995
) GDNF: A potent survival factor for motoneurons present in peripheral nerve and muscle.
Science
266
, 1062
–1064
Heuer
J. G.
, Fatemie-Nainie
S.
, Wheeler
E. F.
, Bothwell
M.
(1990
) Structure and developmental expression of the chicken NGF receptor.
Dev. Biol
137
, 287
–304
Heuer
J. G.
, von Bartheld
C. S.
, Kinoshita
Y.
, Evers
P. C.
, Bothwell
M.
(1990
) Alternating phases of FGF receptor and NGF receptor expression in the developing chicken nervous system.
Neuron
5
, 283
–296
Hofer
M. M.
, Barde
Y.-A.
(1988
) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents neuronal death in vivo.
Nature
331
, 261
–262
Hollyday
M.
, Hamburger
V.
(1976
) Reduction of the naturally-occurring motor neuron loss by enlargement of the periphery.
J. Comp. Neurol
170
, 311
–320
Holtzman
D. M.
, Li
Y.
, Parada
L. F.
, Kinsman
S.
, Chen
C.-K.
, Valleta
J. S.
, Zhou
J.
, Long
J. B.
, Mobley
W. C.
(1992
) p140trkmRNA marks NGF-responsive forebrain neurons: Evidence that trk gene expression is induced by NGF.
Neuron
9
, 465
–478
Houenou
L. J.
, Pincon-Raymond
M.
, Garcia
L.
, Harris
A. J.
, Rieger
F.
(1990
) Neuromuscular development following tetrodotoxin-induced inactivity in mouse embryos.
J. Neurobiol
21
, 1249
–1261
Houenou
L. J.
, Haverkamp
L. J.
, McManaman
J. L.
, Oppenhwim
R. W.
(1991
) The regulation of motoneuron survival and differentiation by putative muscle-derived neurotrophic agents: Neuromuscular activity and innervation.
Development
2
, 149
–155
Houenou
L. J.
, Li
L.
, Lo
A. C.
, Yan
Q.
, Oppenheim
R. W.
(1994
) Programmed and axotomy-induced motoneuron death and their prevention by neurotrophic agents: A comparison between chick and mouse.
Prog. Brain Res
102
, 217
–226
Hughes
R. A.
, Sendtner
M.
, Thoenen
H.
(1993
) Members of several gene families influence survival of rat motoneurons in vitro and in vivo.
J. Neurosci. Res
36
, 663
–671
Ibanez
C. F.
, Ernfors
P.
, Timmusk
T.
, Ip
N. Y.
, Arenas
E.
, Yancopoulos
G. D.
, Persson
H.
(1993
) Neurotrophin-4 is a target-derived neurotrophic factor for neurons of the trigeminal ganglion.
Development
117
, 1345
–1353
Johnson
J. E.
, Barde
Y.-A.
, Schwab
M.
, Thoenen
H.
(1986
) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor supports the survival of cultured rat retinal ganglion cells.
J. Neurosci
6
, 3031
–3038
Johnson
J. E.
, Oppenheim
R. W.
(1994
) Keeping track of changing neurotrophic theory.
Curr. Biol
4
, 662
–665
Jones
K. R.
, Fainas
I.
, Backer
C.
, Reichardt
L. F.
(1994
) Targeted disruption of the BDNF gene perturbs brain and sensory neuron development but not motoneuron development.
Cell
76
, 989
–999
Klein
R.
, Jing
S.
, Nanduri
V.
, O'Rourke
E.
, Barbacid
M.
(1991
) The trk proto-oncogene encodes a receptor for nerve growth factor.
Cell
65
, 189
–197
Klein
R.
, Smeyne
R. J.
, Wurst
W.
, Long
L. K.
, Auerbach
B. A.
, Joyner
A. L.
, Barbacid
M.
(1993
) Targeted disruption of the trk B neurotrophin receptor gene results in nervous system lesions and neonatal death.
Cell
75
, 113
–122
Koliatsos
V. E.
, Clatterbuck
R. E.
, Winslow
J. W.
, Cayouette
M. H.
, Price
D. L.
(1993
) Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a trophic factor for motor neurons in vivo.
Neuron
10
, 359
–367
Koliatsos
V. E.
, Cayouette
M. C.
, Berkemeir
L. R.
, Clatterbuck
R. E.
, Price
D. L.
, Rosenthal
A.
(1994
) Neurotrophin 4/5 is a trophic factor for mammalian facial motor neurons.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
91
, 3304
–3308
Landmesser
L.
(1992
) The relationship of intramuscular nerve branching and synaptogenesis to motoneuron survival.
J. Neurobiol
23
, 1131
–1139
Landmesser
L. T.
, O'Donovan
M. J.
(1984
) The activation patterns of embryonic chick hindlimb muscles recorded in ovo and in an isolated spinal cord preparation.
J. Physiol
347
, 189
–204
Landmesser
L.
, Dahm
L.
, Schultz
K.
, Rutishauser
U.
(1988
) Distinct roles for adhesion molecules during innervation of embryonic chick muscle.
Dev. Biol
130
, 645
–670
Landmesser
L.
, Dahm
L.
, Tang
J.
, Rutishauser
U.
(1990
) Polysilaic acid as a regulator of intramuscular nerve branching during embryonic development.
Neuron
4
, 655
–667
Large
T. H.
, Weskamp
G.
, Helder
J. C.
, Radeke
M. J.
, Misko
T. P.
, Shooter
E. M.
, Reichardt
L. F.
(1989
) Structure and developmental expression of the nerve growth factor receptor in the chicken central nervous system.
Neuron
2
, 1123
–1134
Larmet
Y.
, Dolphin
A. C.
, Davies
A. M.
(1992
) Intracellular calcium regulates the survival of early sensory neurons before they become dependent on neurotrophic factors.
Neuron
9
, 563
–574
Lee
K.-F.
, Li
E.
, Huber
J.
, Landis
S. C.
, Sharpe
A. H.
, Chao
M. V.
, Jaenisch
R.
(1992
) Targeted mutation of the gene encoding the low affinity NGF receptor p75 leads to deficits in the peripheral sensory nervous system.
Cell
69
, 737
–749
Levi-Montalcini
R.
, Hamburger
V.
(1953
) A diffusable agent of mouse sarcoma producing hyperplasia of sympathetic ganglia andhyperneurotization of viscera in the chick embryo.
J. Exp. Zool
123
, 233
–287
Li
L.
, Oppenheim
R. W.
, Lei
M.
, Houenou
L.
(1994
) Neurotrophic agents prevent motoneuron death following sciatic nerve section in the neonatal mouse.
J. Neurobiol
25
, 759
–766
Liu
X.
, Ernfors
P.
, Wu
H.
, Jaenisch
R.
(1995
) Sensory but not motor neuron deficits in mice lacking NT-4 and BDNF.
Nature
375
, 238
–241
Lindsay
R.
, Thoenen
H.
, Barde
Y.-A.
(1985
) Placode and neural crest-derived sensory neurons are responsive at early developmental stages to brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
Dev. Biol
112
, 319
–328
Lohof
A. M.
, Ip
N. Y.
, Poo
M.-M.
(1993
) Potentiation of developing neuromuscular synapses by the neurotrophins NT-3 and BDNF.
Nature
363
, 350
–353
Maisonpiere
P. C.
, Belluscio
L.
, Squinto
S.
, Ip
N. Y.
, Furth
M. E.
, Lindsay
R. M.
, Yancopoulis
G. D.
(1990
) Neurotrophin-3: A neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF.
Science
247
, 1446
–1451
Marchetti
D.
, Haverkamp
L. J.
, Clark
R. C.
, McManaman
J. L.
(1991
) Ontogeny of high-and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in the lumbar spinal cord of the developing chick embryo.
Dev. Biol
148
, 306
–313
McKay
S. E.
, Herzog
K.-H.
, Garner
A.
, Tucker
R. P.
, Large
T.
, Oppenheim
R. W.
(1993
). Expression of BDNF and trkB in the developing neuromuscular system.
Soc. Neurosci., Abst.
Meakin
S. O.
, Shooter
E. M.
(1992
). The nerve growth factor family of receptors.
Trends Neurosci
15
, 323
–331
Mettling
C.
, Gouin
A.
, Robinson
M.
, El M'Hamdi
H.
, Camu
W.
, Bloch-Gallego
E.
, Buisson
B.
, Tanaka
H.
, Davies
A. M.
, Henderson
C. E.
(1995
) Survival of newly post-mitotic motoneurons is transiently independent of exogenous trophic support.
J. Neurosci
15
, 3128
–3137
Newsome
A.
, Prevette
D.
, Johnson
J.
, Wang
S.
, Oppenheim
R. W.
(1994
) Regulation of survival in developing non-dopaminergic neurons by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).
Soc. Neurosci. Abst.
Okado
N.
, Oppenheim
R. W.
(1984
). Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord IX. The loss of motoneuorns following removal of afferent inputs.
Journal of Neuroscience
4
, 1639
–1652
Oppenheim
R. W.
(1989
) The neurotrophic theory and naturally occurring motoneuron death.
Trends in Neuroscience
12
, 252
–255
Oppenheim
R. W.
, Reitzel
J.
(1975
) Ontogeny of behavioral sensitivity to strychnine in the chick embryo: Evidence for the early onset of CNS inhibition.
Brain, Behavior, Evolution
11
, 130
–159
Oppenheim
R. W.
, Haverkamp
L. J.
, Prevette
D.
, McManaman
J. L.
, Appel
S. H.
(1988
) Reduction of naturally occurring motoneuron death in vivo by a target-derived neurotrophic factor.
Science
240
, 919
–922
Oppenheim
R. W.
, Prevette
D.
, Yin
Q.-W.
, Collins
F.
, MacDonald
J.
(1991
) Control of embryonic motoneuron survival in vivo by ciliary neurotrophic factor.
Science
251
, 1616
–1618
Oppenheim
R. W.
, Yin
Q.-W.
, Prevette
D.
, Yan
Q.
(1992
) Brain-derived neurtrophic factor rescues developing avian motoneurons from cell death.
Nature
360
, 755
–757
Oppenheim
R. W.
, Prevette
D.
, Haverkamp
L. J.
, Houenou
L.
, Yin
Q.-W.
, McManaman
J.
(1993
) Biological studies of a putative avian muscle-derived neurtrophic factor that prevents naturally occurring motoneuron death in vivo.
J. Neurobiol
24
, 1065
–1079
Oppenheim
R. W.
, Prevette
D.
, McKay
S.
, Cardwell
C. J.
(1993
) Motoneuron survival in vivo after treatment with combinations of muscle-and CNS-derived trophic factors.
Soc. Neurosci. Abst.
Oppenheim
R. W.
, Prevette
D.
, Houenou
L.
, Rohrer
H.
, Zackenfels
K.
, Caroni
P.
, Zapf
J.
(1994
). The role of insulin-like growth factors in the differentiation and survival of developing avian motoneurons in vivo.
Soc. Neurosci. Abst.
Oppenheim
R. W.
, Houenou
L. J.
, Johnson
J. E.
, Lin
L.-f. H.
, Li
L.
, Lo
A. C.
, Newsome
A. L.
, Prevette
D. M.
, Wang
S.
(1995
). Developing motor neurons rescued from programmed and axotomy-induced cell death by GDNF.
Nature
373
, 344
–346
Phillips
H. S.
, Hains
J. M.
, Laramee
G. R.
, Rosenthal
A.
, Winslow
J. W.
(1990
) Widespread expression of BDNF but not NT-3 by target areas of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons.
Science
250
, 290
–294
Pittman
R.
, Oppenheim
R. W.
(1979
) Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord: IV. Evidence that a functional neuromuscularinteraction is involved in the regulation of naturally occurring cell death and the stabilization of synapses.
J. Comp. Neurol
187
, 425
–446
Pollack
E. D.
, Muhlach
W. L.
, Liebig
V.
(1981
) Neurotropic influence of mesenchymal limb target tissue on spinal cord neurite outgrowth in vitro.
J. Comp. Neurol
200
, 393
–405
Prevette
D.
, Caldero
J.
, D'Costa
A.
, Mei
X.
, Oppenheim
R. W.
(1994
) Survival and death of developing sensory and motor neurons in vivo following target deletion: Effects of neurotrophic agents.
Soc. Neurosci. Abst.
Provine
R. R.
(1971
). Embryonic spinal cord: Synchrony and spatial distribution of polyneuronal burst discharges.
Brain Res
29
, 155
–158
Rabizadeh
S.
, Oh
J.
, Zhong
L.-T.
, Yang
J.
, Bitler
C. M.
, Butcher
L. L.
, Bredesen
D. E.
(1993
) Induction of apoptosis by the low-affinity NGF receptor.
Science
261
, 345
–348
Radeke
M. J.
, Feinstein
S. C.
(1991
) Analytical purification of the slow, high affinity NGF receptor: Identification of a novel 135 kd polypeptide.
Neuron
7
, 141
–150
Ripley
K. L.
, Provine
R. R.
(1972
) Neural correlates of embryonic motility in the chick.
Brain Res
45
, 127
–134
Schaeren-Wiemers
N.
, Gerfin-Moser
A.
(1993
) A single protocol to detect transcripts of various types and expression levels in neural tissue and cultured cells: in situ hybridization using digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probes.
Histochem
100
, 431
–440
Sendtner
M.
, Holtmann
B.
, Kolbeck
R.
, Thoenen
H.
, Barde
Y.-A.
(1992
) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 prevent the death of motoneurons in newborn rats after nerve section.
Nature
360
, 757
–759
Snider
W. D.
(1994
) Functions of the neurotrophins during nervous system development: What the knockouts are teaching us.
Cell
77
, 627
–638
Sofroniew
M. V.
, Galletly
N. P.
, Isacson
O.
, Svendsen
C. N.
(1990
) Survival of adult basal forebrain cholinergic neurons after loss of target neurons.
Science
24
, 338
–342
Verge
V. M. K.
, Merlio
J.-P.
, Grondin
J.
, Ernfors
P.
, Persson
H.
, Riopelle
R. J.
, Hokfelt
T.
, Richardson
P. M.
(1992
) Colocalization of NGF binding sites, trk mRNA, and low-affinity NGF receptor mRNA in primary sensory neurons: Responses to injury and infusion of NGF.
J. Neurosci
12
, 4011
–4022
vonBartheld
C.S.
, Schober
A.
, Kinoshita
Y.
, Williams
R.
, Ebendal
T.
, Bothwell
M.
(1995
) Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coerulius of birds express TrkA, transport NGF, and respond to NGF.
J. Neurosci
15
, 2225
–2239
Wang
T.
, Xic
K.
, Lu
B.
(1995
) Neurotrophins promote maturation of developing neuromuscular synapses.
J. Neurosci
15
, 4796
–4805
Weskamp
G.
, Reichardt
L. F.
(1991
) Evidence that biological activity of NGF is mediated through a novel subclass of high affinity receptors.
Neuron
6
, 649
–663
Wright
E. M.
, Vogel
K. S.
, Davies
A. M.
(1992
) Neurotrophic factors promote the maturation of developing sensory neurons before they become dependent on these factors for survival.
Neuron
9
, 139
–150
Yan
Q.
, Elliot
J. L.
, Snider
W. D.
(1992
) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues spinal cord motor neurons from axotomy-induced cell death.
Nature
360
, 753
–755
This content is only available via PDF.
© 1996 by Company of Biologists
1996
-JournalMeeting.png?versionId=3737)
(update)-ImmuneSI.png?versionId=3737)
-GSWorkshop.png?versionId=3737)
(update)-InPreprints.png?versionId=3737)
-FocalPlaneNetworkLaunch.png?versionId=3737)
