...Jessica L. Tingle; Brian M. Sherman; Theodore Garland, Jr ABSTRACT For terrestrial locomotion of animals and machines, physical characteristics of the substrate can strongly impact kinematics and performance. Snakes are an especially interesting system for studying substrate effects because...

... patterns of webbed feet, we created a testing substrate with quartz sand and utilized high-speed cameras and kinematic analysis tools for data acquisition. Mallards mainly adjusted the tarsometatarso-phalangeal joint (TMTPJ) during touch-down and lift-off stages in response to increasing particle size...