...Barry Magee; Robert W. Elwood ABSTRACT Insights into the potential for pain may be obtained from examination of behavioural responses to noxious stimuli. In particular, prolonged responses coupled with long-term motivational change and avoidance learning cannot be explained by nociceptive reflex...

... ). Response of Drosophila to wasabi is mediated by painless, the fly homolog of mammalian TRPA1/ANKTM1. Curr. Biol. 16 , 1034 – 1040 . Appel M. , Elwood R. W. ( 2009 ). Motivational trade-offs and potential pain experience in hermit crabs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 119 , 120 – 124...