Issues

Summary: This study shows that level and soft grounds are best for symmetric and asymmetric digits, respectively, as revealed by kinematic analysis using a decoupled equivalent mechanism of the foot of ruminants.

Summary: The optimized culture condition with small molecules is sufficient to allow highly efficient mouse cloning by removing epigenetic barriers to reprogramming.

Summary: Functional localization exists in the nervous system of ophiuroids although there is no evidence of a morphological counterpart to the central nervous system of other species.

Summary: Testis transcriptome analyses indicate that a defined set of testis-expressed genes is regulated by the testis-specific bromodomain proteins tBRD-1 and tBRD-2 and members of the tMAC, Mediator, and tTFIID complexes.

Summary: NOD.SCID-rd1 is an immune compromised mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) to investigate cell-based therapeutics for retinal rescue during RP and to study immunological aspects of its pathogenesis and progression.

Summary: The highly processive kinesin Kif18A, which is expressed during oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis, is required for correct spindle formation in meiotic egg extracts and can functionally complement human Kif18A in tissue culture cells.

Summary: Technical advances allowing oxygen consumption measurement in individual fruit flies actually take them out of their normal highly social context, resulting in higher oxygen consumption rates than in natural groups.

Summary: Once macrophage ingests Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the chaperone Cpn60.2 detaches from mycobacterial surface and traffics towards mitochondria. Once there, Cpn60.2 interacts with host mortalin leading to inhibition of macrophage's apoptosis.

Summary: Tanshinone IIA may become a new approach for the prevention of atherosclerosis progression through inhibiting the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells and the proliferation and migration of macrophages.

Summary: The in-air audiogram of a male adult great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) was determined using psychophysics methods to further our knowledge of hearing sensitivity in aquatic birds in relation to human generated noise.

Summary: To explore propulsion in swimming frogs, this study analyzed mechanical efficiencies based on data describing aquatic and terrestrial feet and swimming patterns.

Summary: Depletion of Lef1 and Tcf3 shows that ESCs could be shielded from differentiative cues to maintain the ESC ground state.

Summary: Continuous tensile strain from the device changed the cell morphology and increased the expression of inflammatory and osteogenic gene. These effects were similar to those in the PDL during orthodontic tooth movement.

Summary: Echolocating toothed whales reduce their hearing for short echo delays and unlike bats, do not use a stapedial reflex, but rather forward masking and a central mechanism to evoke the effect.